- https://anchor.fm/valerie-harvey/episodes/The-Young-and-the-Restless-Weekly-Spoilers-November-28-December-2–2022-e1rbhbq
- https://anchor.fm/valerie-harvey/episodes/The-Bold-and-the-Beautiful-Weekly-Spoilers-November-28-December-2–2022-e1rbhmd
- https://anchor.fm/valerie-harvey/episodes/Weekly-General-Hospital-Spoilers-November-28-December-2–2022-e1rbi0t
- https://anchor.fm/valerie-harvey/episodes/Days-of-Our-Lives-on-Peacock–Spoilers-November-28-December-2–2022-e1rbibi
- https://anchor.fm/valerie-harvey/episodes/Chapter-4-Cruel-Humanity-A-BTVS-Fanfiction-e1rbihl
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This chocolate dump cake fits right in with busy schedules; it requires no sifting, whisking or decorating. Just dump, stir, bake and serve this decadent dessert.
There are quite a few desserts that start with a box of chocolate cake mix, and this chocolate dump cake is no different. The best part about this super rich cake is that it doesn’t require much effort. There’s no cracking eggs and measuring out sugar and baking powder and shortening. You simply layer your ingredients into a cake pan, give everything a quick stir, and bake until set.
Not only does this cake require very little effort, but this recipe also only calls for four ingredients. Much like this 4-ingredient caramel apple dump cake, this chocolate dump cake will be ready to pop in the oven faster than the oven can preheat.
A lot of the dump cake recipes we love don’t require stirring, but this recipe does. This is so that the milk can mix consistently throughout the instant pudding and cake mix and will leave no powdery bits at the top of your cake. We promise it’s worth the extra bit of effort.
This recipe yields 12 servings.
Ingredients1 box chocolate cake mix 1 package instant chocolate pudding mix 2 cups semisweet chocolate chips, divided 2 cups 2% milk
Directions
Step 1: Prep the panPreheat the oven to 350°F and grease a 13×9-in. baking dish.
Step 2: Layer the ingredientsEvenly sprinkle dry cake mix into the dish and then layer that with dry pudding mix. Top those two layers with 1-3/4 cup of chocolate chips and drizzle milk over the top of the chocolate chip layer.
Step 3: Gently stirStir to combine everything. The mixture will look thick and lumpy. Sprinkle the rest of the chocolate chips over the top of the combined ingredients.
Step 4: BakeBake your chocolate dump cake until the top appears set and the edges pull away from the dish, about 35-40 minutes. Cool slightly on a wire rack and serve warm.
Tips for Making Chocolate Dump CakeYou can make chocolate dump cake your own by using your favorite chocolate cake mix (these are our Test Kitchen favorites). The recipe also calls for semisweet chocolate chips, but you can change that based on preference too. Try milk chocolate chips for a sweeter taste, or 72% cacao dark chocolate chips for a richer taste. We love a good mash-up of dump cakes and candy, like this Oreo dump cake. If you want to take this chocolate dump cake into Reese’s Peanut Butter Cup territory, top it with creamy peanut butter instead of ice cream. While this cake is best served fresh, leftovers can be stored in a covered container in the refrigerator for up to 3 days. If you don’t want to enjoy it chilled, warm it up in the microwave for that fresh baked effect. If you’d like to freeze your chocolate dump cake, cut it into serving sized portions before freezing.
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Total Time
Prep/Total Time: 30 min.
Makes
8 servings
The spices in this simple strata with chicken, broccoli and cheese offer an extra special taste.
Ingredients
- 3/4 pound boneless skinless chicken breasts, cut into 1/2-inch cubes
- 4 tablespoons butter, divided
- 3 cups frozen broccoli florets, thawed
- 1/2 teaspoon onion salt
- 1/2 teaspoon dried thyme
- 1/2 teaspoon dried rosemary, crushed
- 1/4 teaspoon pepper
- 6 cups cubed French bread
- 2 large eggs
- 3/4 cup 2% milk
- 2/3 cup condensed cream of onion soup, undiluted
- 1 cup shredded Colby-Monterey Jack cheese
Directions
- Preheat oven to 400°. In a 10-in. ovenproof skillet, saute chicken in 2 tablespoons butter until no longer pink. Add broccoli, onion salt, thyme, rosemary and pepper; heat through. Remove from skillet and keep warm.
- In same skillet, toast bread cubes in remaining butter until lightly browned. In a small bowl, combine eggs, milk and soup; pour over bread cubes. Stir in chicken mixture. Sprinkle with cheese.
- Bake, uncovered, 15-20 minutes or until a knife inserted in the center comes out clean. Let stand 5 minutes before cutting.
Nutrition Facts
1 piece: 570 calories, 16g fat (8g saturated fat), 108mg cholesterol, 1282mg sodium, 77g carbohydrate (6g sugars, 4g fiber), 30g protein.
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Total Time
Prep: 25 min. + chilling Bake: 45 min.
MakesIngredients
12 ounces Canadian bacon, chopped 6 English muffins, split and cut into 1-inch pieces 8 large eggs 2 cups 2% milk 1 teaspoon onion powder 1/4 teaspoon paprika HOLLANDAISE SAUCE: 4 large egg yolks 1/2 cup heavy whipping cream 2 tablespoons lemon juice 1 teaspoon Dijon mustard 1/2 cup butter, melted Minced chives, optional
Directions
Place half of the Canadian bacon in a greased 3-qt. or 13x9-in. baking dish; top with English muffins and remaining bacon. In a large bowl, whisk eggs, milk and onion powder; pour over top. Refrigerate, covered, overnight. Preheat oven to 375°. Remove casserole from refrigerator while oven heats. Sprinkle top with paprika. Bake, covered, 35 minutes. Uncover; bake 10-15 minutes longer or until a knife inserted in the center comes out clean. In top of a double boiler or a metal bowl over simmering water, whisk egg yolks, cream, lemon juice and mustard until blended; cook until mixture is just thick enough to coat a metal spoon and temperature reaches 160°, whisking constantly. Reduce heat to very low. Very slowly drizzle in warm melted butter, whisking constantly. Serve immediately with casserole. If desired, sprinkle with chives.
Eggs Benedict Casserole Tips
How can you thicken or thin the Hollandaise sauce?
There are many ways you can alter the Hollandaise sauce. If you want to thin it out, you can add more lemon juice or a splash of water. To thicken it, you can reduce the liquid or add more butter. Butter is one of our favorite sauce thickeners.
How do you store eggs Benedict casserole?
You can store this breakfast egg casserole recipe covered inside the fridge. It’ll last for about 2-3 days when stored this way.
What else can you add to eggs Benedict casserole?
Try adding asparagus, cheese (such as Swiss or mozzarella) and nutmeg spice to your eggs Benedict casserole. To switch things up, try swapping the Canadian bacon with a different type of bacon.Nutritional Facts
1 piece with about 2 tablespoons sauce: 286 calories, 19g fat (10g saturated fat), 256mg cholesterol, 535mg sodium, 16g carbohydrate (4g sugars, 1g fiber), 14g protein.
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Total Time
Prep/Total Time: 30 min.
Makes
8 servings (2-3/4 quarts)
This Dutch oven minestrone soup is quick to prepare with shortcut ingredients and is ready in less than an hour. Add a salad and a warm, crusty loaf of bread to round out the meal.
Ingredients
- 2 cans (14-1/2 ounces each) beef broth
- 1 jar (24 ounces) marinara sauce
- 3 cups frozen mixed vegetables, thawed
- 1 can (15-1/2 ounces) navy beans, rinsed and drained
- 24 frozen fully cooked Italian meatballs, thawed
- 5 ounces frozen chopped spinach, thawed and squeezed dry (about ½ cup)
- 1 package (9 ounces) refrigerated cheese tortellini
- Shredded Parmesan cheese
Directions
- In a Dutch oven, combine broth, marinara sauce and mixed vegetables. Bring to a boil; add beans, meatballs and spinach. Simmer, uncovered, for 5 minutes. Stir in tortellini; cook 7 minutes longer. Serve with Parmesan cheese.
Nutrition Facts
1-1/3 cups: 384 calories, 15g fat (6g saturated fat), 36mg cholesterol, 1467mg sodium, 44g carbohydrate (7g sugars, 9g fiber), 21g protein.
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Ingredients
1 unbaked, deep-dish pie crust 2 tablespoons unsalted butter 2 large yellow onions, sliced 8 slices smoked bacon 8 large eggs 1-1/2 cups heavy cream or half-and-half 1/2 teaspoon salt 1/2 teaspoon black pepper 2 cups grated sharp cheddar cheese
Step 1: Prepare the pie crustHave ready a deep-dish quiche pan, preferably with a removable bottom. Roll out the pie crust dough into a round; It should be large enough to fit across the bottom and over the sides of the pan. Fit the dough into the pan, pressing it across the bottom and sides. Let the extra drape over the edges of the pan. Loosely cover the dough and place it in the fridge.
Step 2: Cook the onions and baconHeat a large skillet over medium-low heat. Add the butter to the pan. Once melted, add the sliced onions and stir to coat them in butter. Slowly cook the onions for 15-20 minutes, stirring occasionally, until they’re soft and deep brown. Remove them to a plate and hold them aside. Add the strips of bacon to the skillet and cook over medium heat, turning once, until they’re cooked through and crispy.
Use paper towels to pat the bacon strips dry, then chop into small pieces.
Step 3: Make the quiche batterPreheat the oven to 400°F. Whisk together the eggs, cream (or half-and-half), salt and pepper in a large mixing bowl or 2-quart pitcher. Stir in the cooled onions, chopped bacon and shredded cheese until everything is thoroughly combined.
Step 4: Fill the pie shell and bakeTake the pan with the quiche shell from the fridge and set it on a baking sheet. Roll a rolling pin across the top of the pan to cut off the excess dough. The shell should have a neat edge all the way around. Pour the quiche filling into the shell and use a spoon to spread the onions, bacon and cheese evenly throughout.
Loosely cover the top with a piece of aluminum foil and place the baking sheet with the quiche into the oven. The baking sheet will catch any grease or overflow.
Bake the quiche for about 40 minutes, then remove the foil. Bake for 15-20 minutes more until the top and crust are browned and it has little or no wobble.
Remove the pan to a cooling rack and let it rest for at least 10-15 minutes. Slip the outside of the pan off the quiche, then slice and serve.
Here’s What I Thought -
Snoopy made his debut in the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade in 1968 and has been a crowd favorite ever since. The world’s most popular beagle is no stranger to the parade. This year will mark Snoopy’s 43rd appearance, the most of any other character. Snoopy has taken flight over New York City off and on since his parade debut. Tomorrow, he will continue his reign as the most-featured balloon, by appearing as an astronaut. This years balloon design honors the tradition of the character’s strong connection to NASA and the Apollo missions.
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The violin is a wooden chordophone that belongs to the violin family. It is often referred to as a fiddle. The wooden body of most violins is hollow. In daily usage, it is the smallest and highest-pitched member of the family of instruments. The violin is most often played by pulling a bow across its four strings, which are normally tuned in perfect fifths with the notes G3, D4, A4, and E5. In certain instances, the wooden side of the bow may be used to strike the strings instead of a bowstring to play the instrument. It may also be played by plucking the strings with the fingers.
A broad range of musical styles use violins as essential instruments. Their use in groups and as solo instruments is most common in the Western classical tradition. Numerous folk music genres, including jazz, country, bluegrass, and others, rely heavily on the violin. In certain styles of rock and jazz fusion, electric violins with solid bodies and piezoelectric pickups are used. To generate sound, the pickups are connected to instrument amplifiers and speakers. Numerous non-Western musical traditions, such as Iranian and Indian music, have adopted the violin in recent years. Despite the music performed on it, the term “fiddle” is often used.
The excellent historical instruments built by the Stradivari, Guarneri, Guadagnini, and Amati families between the 16th and 18th centuries in Brescia and Cremona as well as by Jacob Stainer in Austria are especially prized by violinists and collectors. Although this assertion is contested, they are renowned for having a sound that has resisted efforts to describe or match it. Numerous instruments have emerged from lesser-known producers, and even more mass-made “trade violins” from cottage industries in regions like Saxony, Bohemia, and Mirecourt have been created in large quantities. Previously, Sears, Roebuck & Co. and other large retailers offered a lot of these trade items.
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Circadian desynchrony is also known as “Jet Lag”.
Jet lag is a sleep disorder in which there is a mismatch with the body’s natural circadian rhythm and the external environment as a result of rapid travel across multiple time zones. This common problem affects all age groups but may have more pronounced effects on the elderly, whose recovery rate is more prolonged than that in young adults.
A multitude of factors, such as the number of time zones crossed and the direction and timing of flights, play a role in the severity of symptoms experienced by travelers. Individual variability accounts for the ability to adapt to a new time zone and the duration of the symptomatic period. Travelers usually experience symptoms after air travel across at least two time zones. Symptoms may include disturbed sleep, daytime fatigue, decreased ability to perform mental and physical tasks, reduced alertness, and headaches. Sleep disturbances typically last for a few days, but they can persist for as long as one week if the change in time zones is greater than eight hours. Eastward travel is associated with a longer duration of jet lag than westward travel. Although frequent desynchrony is a transient disorder, it carries the potential to lead to long-term consequences, as evidenced by epidemiological and animal studies.
The condition of jet lag may last several days before the traveler is fully adjusted to the new time zone; a recovery period of one day per time zone crossed is a suggested guideline. Jet lag is especially an issue for airline pilots, aircraft crew, and frequent travelers. Airlines have regulations aimed at combating pilot fatigue caused by jet lag.
The term “jet lag” is used because before the arrival of passenger jet aircraft, it was uncommon to travel far and fast enough to cause desynchronosis. Travel by propeller-driven aircraft, by ship, or by train was slower and of more limited distance than jet flights, and thus did not contribute widely to the issue.
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“Saturday in the Park” is a song written by vocalist Robert Lamm and recorded by the group Chicago for their 1972 album Chicago V. The song reached No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the band’s highest-charting single at the time. Lamm was inspired to write the song while strolling through New York City’s Central Park on July 4, 1970. The song opens with the lyrics “Saturday in the park, I think it was the Fourth of July.” Lamm based the melody of the song on “You Won’t See Me” by The Beatles, something he has openly admitted.
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The Dallas Cowboys have played on Thanksgiving every year since 1966, with the exception of 1975 and 1977. Therefore, they’d be a reasonable guess for the team with the most Turkey Day victories. However, it’s the Detroit Lions who actually hold the record for most Thanksgiving Day victories with 37 (compared to the Cowboys’ 31). The Lions owe their record to longevity, having played on the holiday 82 times, compared to the Dallas Cowboys’ 54 appearances. The Lions also hold the record for most Thanksgiving Day losses with 43.
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If you believe it’ll work out, you’ll see opportunities. If you don’t believe it’ll work out, you’ll see obstacles.
Wayne Dyer – 1940-2015 – Author
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Success usually comes to those who are too busy looking for it. Henry David Thoreau -
The world is changed by your example, not your opinion.
Paulo Coelho – Author
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Nothing in the world can take the place of Persistence. Talent will not; nothing is more common than unsuccessful men with talent. Genius will not; unrewarded genius is almost a proverb. Education will not; the world is full of educated derelicts. The slogan ‘Press On’ has solved and always will solve the problems of the human race Calvin Coolidge -
Every adversity, every failure, every heartache carries with it the seed of an equal or greater benefit.
Napoleon Hill – 1883-1970 -Author
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By revealing that our favorite characters are about to get up to exactly the kind of shenanigans that have made them our favorites in the first place. Not only does Phyllis issue a reminder of how questionably she plays with others, Victor threatens to lower the boom, Adam takes a step too far, and Nick lets his hot head get the better of him.
Week of November 28:
Y&R Restless Rant! Hot topics: Danger is coming for Ashley and Diane, Daniel and Lily’s future, and big trouble ahead for Sally!
Monday, November 28:
It feels like this is the eleventy-billionth one she’s made since returning to Genoa City, and Lord knows you can’t put a lot of stock in ’em. Nonetheless, Diane makes yet another promise to Jack.
What could be more fun than watching Tucker squirm and try to weasel his way out of a tough spot?! Settle in and grab the popcorn, because today, Ashley interrogates her rascally ex-husband.
When Devon comes clean with Lily — presumably about the real reason Amanda resigned and left town — it could cause the rift between the siblings that Tucker’s been so fondly hoping for as he plots to infiltrate Chancellor-Winters.
Tuesday, November 29:
Oh jeez! We’re not sure with whom Victor will stand his ground, but they’re certain to never forget it. Tune in today as The Mustache digs in to protect Abby.
It looks like the hard knocks are set to keep coming for poor Chelsea. This time, it’s Billy and Chloe who are there to comfort her.
Well, this might be entertaining: Nick gives Nate, aka the guy who took his girlfriend Sally’s job at Newman Media, a reality check. We suspect the new CEO is about to learn that not all the Newmans have his back the way his pal Victoria does!
Wednesday, November 30:
Having made a mess of a marriage proposal mere days ago, Adam clears the air with Sally. Will she take pity on her heartbroken ex or write him off for good?
When Billy and Lily reach an understanding, it will be a refreshing change from the two butting heads on the regular. We can’t help but wonder just exactly which issue they’ll come to terms on. His restlessness? Chelsea? Her ex returning? Whether they’re truly compatible?
Consider the tables well and truly turned when, today, Nate questions Elena’s loyalty. Is the down-to-earth doctor just really not all that into her lover’s newfound corporate ambition?
Thursday, December 1:
The I Hate Diane Club is on shaky ground when Nikki discovers that Phyllis went rogue. Whatever goes down between the two, it’s sure to involve pursed lips and disapproval… unless, of course, the redhead’s solo scheme actually helps to achieve their objective of ridding Genoa City of their back-from-the-dead nemesis.
I can already sense where this is going… and am here for it! Yup, it’ll be a flashback kind of day when Daniel reminisces with his former wife, Lily. You can do the same via our photo gallery of his life in Genoa City.
While this would signal a dramatic turn of events for most people, it’s just a Thursday for Diane, who does damage control with Kyle.
Friday, December 2:
Jeebus! I’m not sure what constitutes a “fatal” warning, but it sounds hella sinister… especially coming from Victor Newman. Fortunately, the person on the receiving end — his son Nick — has been there and done this before. Might the threat have something to do with that “reality check” Nick doled out earlier in the week? Or perhaps the Black Knight is seeing red over his sons battling over a woman he can’t stand?!
Continuing the theme of “been there, done that,” Adam crosses the line.
Tucker makes up for lost time with Devon. Little does the billionaire know what his father is plotting! While many people would be thrilled that their dad wanted to gift them with an empire and run it together, we’re not so sure Devon will be feeling it. Tucker’s no Neil!
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Come for the wedding, stay for the free-for-all! Ridge and Taylor’s nuptials turn into a shocking scene that no one in attendance will ever be able to forget (even if they try… and trust us, they will!). By the time the dust even begins to settle, an epic showdown will have been served up, and yet another one will be right around the corner.
Week of November 28
Monday, November 28:
As the Logan family’s reunion continues…
Here comes the bride… and also that iconic single tear! As Taylor’s wedding to Ridge begins, Brooke presses “rewind“ and “repeat” on the tape marked “aching for Ridge” in her heart.
Mind you, Brooke may want to keep a tissue handy, because since the episode also includes a sordid truth being revealed in an unexpected way, it seems likely that Thomas’ frame job is going to come to light. And if that happens, you can bet that pandemonium will erupt!
Tuesday, November 29:
Called that one. Since an act of betrayal causes irreparable harm to a once-solid relationship, we’re going to assume that Ridge and Taylor’s wedding becomes more of an “I do not believe you did that, Thomas!” kinda event than a simple “I do” one.
Somehow left off the guest list — along with all of Ridge’s siblings — Sheila wields Deacon’s emotions like weapons as they while away the day squabbling about Taylor and “the one that got away,” Brooke.
Wednesday, November 30:
This promises to be must-see TV of the first order. As the revelation of the awful truth leads to a fallout of epic proportions, might we suggest that Taylor hold tightly to this “Tridge” wedding album. It may be the nicest thing that she gets to take away from the day that she was going to become Mrs. Ridge Forrester again.
Thursday, December 1:
The fur’s gonna continue to fly as Steffy and Thomas argue about the chaos that erupted in their family. We’d love to think that Thomas would have the sense not to play the blame game with his sister, but… this is Thomas we’re talking about here!
Talk about a role reversal! Realizing that for once he might have the upper hand with Bill, Deacon savors the moment by antagonizing his rival for Brooke’s affections.
Speaking of the sought-after blonde, Brooke makes a major decision about her future… one that we hardly dare hope will send her into the arms of not Deacon or Bill, or Ridge or Nick, but one of these handsome fellas.
Friday, December 2:
Prepare for the word “awkward” to be redefined. For the first time since Hurricane Thomas swept through “Tridge’s” wedding, Ridge’s on-again/off-again wives comes face to face.
Now this could be fun! Historically, Steffy and Thomas are as thick as thieves. But now she’s vowing that her brother will suffer some big-time consequences for his manipulations.
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Cody receives a warning while Britt gets difficult news, and Michael’s announcement startles Carly — plus, Willow’s health takes a turn and there are a few holiday pre-emptions headed your way…
Week of November 21:
Monday, November 21:
Britt gets her Huntington’s diagnosis, Dex and Josslyn get *very* close and Holly finally reveals who Victor is holding over her!
When Britt receives bad news, will it be with regards to her health? And will anyone be there to help her process whatever it happens to be?
Be careful Robert… if Holly answers your questions, you could wind up regretting having asked them.
Things remain rocky between Scott and Cody, with the older man issuing him a stern warning.
We’re pretty sure that when Victor and Valentin finally come face to face, it’s not going to be one of those warm-and-fuzzy father/son moments.
Carly’s very big on honesty… except, occasionally, when it comes to herself, explaining why she lies to ex-husband Sonny.
Tuesday November 22:
Victor orders Holly to steal the diamond necklace, Linc offers BLQ her songs back after she threatens him, and Alexis plans to publish the hook’s letter to her paper.
Victor continues to pull Holly’s strings.
Linc should probably take the threat Brook Lynn issues seriously.
Michael updates his mom on what’s going on, leaving her stunned. Meanwhile, Dante reveals more than he intended.
While catching up with mom Alexis, Sam shares some interesting information.
DVR alert! Ryan Paevey (ex-Nathan) is left shaken in new role until “once upon a time begins” — and an unexpected journey holds the key to everything.
Wednesday, November 23:
Holly drugs Robert and steals the diamond necklace, Valentin realizes how he can help Anna, and Carly offers to assist Drew in finding Willow’s birth parents.
It’s the battle of the blondes as Carly and Nina have it out!
Sure, in the case of Britt and Liesl, a girl’s best friend isn’t always her mother. But we’re pretty sure Obrecht will be there in the best way when her daughter opens up to her.
Co-stars cheer on Kelly Thiebaud (Britt) as she races toward “all the wonderful adventures ahead.”
What catches Chase off guard? Is it connected to the decision Brook Lynn has made?
Two (scheming) heads may be better than one, especially when those heads belong to Valentin and Martin, who agree to team up.
Thursday, November 24:
The ABC soap will air an encore of its November 24, 2021 episode when Sam was shocked to see Drew at her door.
Friday, November 25:
The ABC soap will not be seen today, due to NFL Football.
Week of November 28:
Monday, November 28:
When someone unexpected calls Scott, will it be a voice from the past or someone he knows, perhaps looking for representation?
Talk about unusual alliances! Kevin and Mac turn to Ava, of all people, when they need a bit of help.
Heather is questioned by Dante.
Victor jumps to a conclusion, but it’s definitely not the right one.
Desperate times call for desperate measures, and they don’t come much more desperate than Holly is right now. But what will her next move be?
Tuesday November 29:
It’s time to carve the Thanksgiving turkey. But will the Quartermaines have the dinner the rest of us have… or their own traditional pizza?
What’s got Sam so concerned that she feels the need to seek Dante’s counsel?
Nina and Sonny have been through a few rough patches of late, but he offers her assurances.
What has Alexis done to warrant a visit from an unhappy Jordan?
Holly may have to answer a few burning questions when she’s put in the hot seat.
Wednesday, November 30:
Brook Lynn is about the find out the hard way that actions — even hers — have consequences.
Will Cody and Liesl be able to strike a deal?
Trina has bonded with Marshall so much that it is him to whom she turns when she needs someone to confide in.
Victor is furious… and we can’t help but suspect an angry Victor is a dangerous Victor!
Curtis and Portia have a long overdue conversation regarding family matters.
Thursday, December 1:
Given how alike the mother and daughter are, it’s appropriate that Josslyn finds herself turning to Carly.
Michael may find that Dex is a bit harder to keep in check than he’d originally imagined, leading him to issue a warning to the guy who’s getting ever closer to Joss.
Chase and Sasha take time to catch up with one another.
Well, here’s a scenario you’ve probably never really imagined: When Valentin finds himself in need of assistance, he turns to Sonny! (Then again, both have a soft spot for Anna.)
Friday, December 2:
What brings Sam and Sasha together for a bonding session?
Looks like things won’t be getting better between Spencer and Nikolas anytime soon, given that the younger man pushes back against his dad’s latest attempt to reconnect.
Drew gets one step closer to solving a mystery.
Dex has a proposition for Josslyn, but it appears they aren’t on the same page.
How serious a situation is it when Willow finds herself in need of medical assistance?
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Poor Chanel finds herself being confronted by the last person she wants reading her for filth. Meanwhile, Johnny is urged to keep quiet, Stefan and Gabi continue butting heads, and things get extremely complicated for Eric and Nicole. Yes… even more complicated than they’ve been since Jada found out she is pregnant!
Week of November 21:
Monday, November 21:
Susan prevents EJ from killing Ava, who takes off with Susan herself, and an unmasked Xander prepares to confess to Sarah.
Things are about to take a stunning turn as the battle between EJ and Ava threatens to leave both realizing just how much they have to lose.
Bonnie was holdin’ out for a hero, and she’s about to get two of them in the form of Justin and Alex! Once free, Rafe has questions which he hopes will help get to the bottom of what happened to Bonnie.
Xander is about to find out that actions have consequences as he has to take on a downright horrifying task.
You won’t want to miss this as Chandler Massey (Will) helps to double the fun with new role — and you can get your first look right here.
Tuesday, November 22:
EJ reels over Susan’s presumed death, and Wendy and Johnny free themselves from Rolf’s clutches.
Li wants Rolf to deal with Wendy and Johnny, and even goes so far as to give the mad doctor very specific instructions as to how. (Something tells us it won’t involve a warm snack and a safe flight back to Salem!)
It looks as if Xander is finally going to have to confess to Sarah. Or is he?
It ain’t a Salem wedding unless there’s drama, right? Well, we’re almost guaranteed to get that when Gabi — on a whim — invites Stefan and Chloe to her ceremony. What could possibly go wrong… right?
Wednesday, November 23:
Jada makes her decision about the baby, which Nicole overhears.
Chanel’s had a rough go of it lately, but two of those closest to her are about to figure out a way to give her a special surprise.
Jada’s been keeping her pregnancy largely under wraps, but today she confides in someone who might offer up some solid advice.
Wonder how Roman’s going to take the news that Eric drops on him?
Awkward alert: Rafe and Nicole are about to have a squirm-worthy encounter.
Thursday, November 24:
Marlena consoles EJ, while Rafe and Nicole spread Jada’s news, and Eric convinces Jada not to move out.
While we don’t generally think of Thanksgiving as one of the more romantic holidays, it might turn out to be when Alex invites Stephanie to join him for turkey day as their second date.
Speaking of Thanksgiving, Rafe hosts his sister and Li.
Friday, November 25:
Sarah asks Xander if he’s the kidnapper, Nicole changes Jada’s mind, and EJ hears things at the crash site.
EJ is in an emotional downward spiral when Rafe comes across him…
Eric’s women are going to have it out as Nicole confronts Jada!
If there’s one person Xander can share his guilt with, it’s Gwen. Will she help him deal with the way he’s feeling?
Week of November 28:
Monday, November 28:
Get the popcorn and hide the sharp objects, because EJ and Ava are about to have a confrontation which promises to be a doozy!
Xander is about to be cornered by Sarah, who wants to know if he was behind Bonnie and Susan’s kidnapping. Will he be honest with the woman he loves?
Things are about to get steamy between Alex and Stephanie…
The DiMera men are a tight-knit family, so it’s no surprise that Tony and Chad are increasingly worried about a spiraling EJ.
Tuesday, November 29:
Needless to say, Nicole has some thoughts about Jada being pregnant with Eric’s child. Needing someone to talk to, she turns to Chloe. While there are conflicting feelings all around about the situation, Brady offers Eric his congratulations.
Johnny, who got very close to Ava for a while there, has every reason to get up in EJ’s grill.
Gabi and Li are ready for romance… but they’re going to be interrupted by his sister, Wendy.
Wednesday, November 30:
There’s been tension between Li and Wendy from the moment we met them, but it will likely boil over today. Why? Because she’s about to confront her big brother about his role in Stefan’s brainwashing.
Johnny’s got a secret under his belt, and EJ urges the younger man to keep it under wraps.
Gabi and Li’s wedding day is getting ever closer, so why are she and Stefan sparking off one another as they butt heads?
Eric is going to be blown away by the news he receives today.
Thursday, December 1:
Remember a week or two ago when it looked as if Eric and Nicole might be on the path toward reuniting? Well, that definitely isn’t the case today, as they have a huge fight.
Jade is about to get support from someone unexpected.
Paulina is desperate to save her daughter. But when she calls Abe to share her plan, will he sign off on it… or is Chanel going to have to deal with this mess on her own? Meanwhile, Sloan reads Chanel the riot act.
Friday, December 2:
When Leo is in need of help, Sonny rides to the rescue. And the only person more surprised by this development is Leo himself!
John and Marlena know full well that Kristen is manipulating Brady, and they’re extremely concerned. But is there anything they can do?
EJ and Nicole are down in the dumps and wind up throwing back a few drinks. (Anyone who has seen this before, probably knows exactly where this is going to end up!)
Chad clearly has been developing feelings for Stephanie, despite himself. Now, he’s going to have to stuff down his jealousy as he realizes that she’s getting closer to Alex…
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Daniel 12:1-4, 13
“At that time shall arise Michael, the great prince who has charge of your people. And there shall be a time of trouble, such as never has been since there was a nation till that time; but at that time your people shall be delivered, every one whose name shall be found written in the book. And many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt. And those who are wise shall shine like the brightness of the firmament; and those who turn many to righteousness, like the stars forever and ever. But you, Daniel, shut up the words, and seal the book, until the time of the end. Many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall increase. “But go your way till the end; and you shall rest, and shall stand in your allotted place at the end of the days.”
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1 John 2:2
He himself is the sacrifice that atones for our sins—and not only our sins but the sins of all the world.1 John 2:2
The Sins of the World
Salvation is a very personal thing between Jesus and a believer. However, salvation is not just for one person, but for the entire world. Jesus will rescue a person from their sins if they find forgiveness through the cross. While his salvation is for the world, He only rescues when a believer cries out to him. That is the difference between some religions and even some denominations. Some believe that there is no need to ask for forgiveness and that his sacrifice covers all of that. While this verse tells us that his salvation takes away sins, there must be a change of heart, a repentance.
Have you ever asked for the salvation of the Savior? It is not enough to just believe that he is the savior, but you also must believe that he can rescue you from your sins: past sins, present sins, and future sins.
A Prayer to Remember
Dear Lord,
You are the God of my salvation. Thank you for sending Jesus to be the sacrifice for my sins. May others know the salvation you have given me. Amen. -
The Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness (or MSIA) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit religious corporation, incorporated in California on June 25, 1971. Before incorporation, the group was founded in California in 1968 by John-Roger (formerly Roger Delano Hinkins). The church has about 5,000 active students in 32 countries, mainly the United States.
History and teachings
MSIA teaches an active meditation technique known as Spiritual Exercises (SEs). Chanting specific sacred Sanskrit words internally is part of SEs. In this aspect MSIA SEs are similar to Transcendental Meditation (TM) practices. MSIA also offers its students a twelve-year study support subscription called Soul Awareness Discourses. Discourses are seen as an opportunity for individuals to connect inwardly with their own Divinity, each according to their desire and intention. Topics covered expose students to the teachings of MSIA and educate them to stay focused on their individual spiritual practices and service to others. Both initiatory tones and personal discourses are deemed sacred to each student individually and are not shared.
The Founder, John-Roger (formerly Roger Hinkins) died on October 22, 2014. His successor, John Morton directs the group. Both have been referred to as the “Traveler”.
MSIA considers itself a church in very few traditional senses of the word. A deeply ambivalent attitude towards traditional “religiosity” characterizes the “Movement.” While it is legally incorporated as a church and provides tools and techniques for Soul transcendence for those who are looking for them, it prohibits members from evangelizing; it spreads primarily by word of mouth. MSIA has no program of building churches or other buildings, giving it similarities with other ‘churches without walls.’ It ordains ministers, but ordains no one to preach or teach, only to be of service. Service choices are determined entirely individually. MSIA has only vague and wide guidelines here.
Soul Transcendence, as defined by MSIA, is the process of becoming aware of yourself as a soul and as one with God. MSIA considers that its teachings draw primarily on the ministry of Jesus Christ (“The Christ Consciousness is the spiritual line of energy under-girding MSIA”); teachings also include elements of Buddhism, Taoism, Judaism, and the Sant Mat/Radhasoami tradition.
Founder
Roger Delano Hinkins was born on September 24, 1934, to a Mormon family in Rains, Utah. Hinkins was raised in Utah and received a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology from the University of Utah in 1958 before moving to San Francisco to work as an insurance claims adjuster before getting a job teaching English at Rosemead High School in a suburb of Los Angeles.
According to Hinkins’ official web site, he first attended the University of Utah, receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology in 1958 and a Secondary Teaching Credential in 1960; he later performed post-graduate work at the University of California, Los Angeles, the University of Southern California and California State University, Los Angeles. Hinkins also held a California Secondary Life Teaching Credential, and a Doctorate of Spiritual Science from the Peace Theological Seminary & College of Philosophy, an unaccredited institution which Hinkins founded in 1977.
In the early 1960s, Hinkins took a correspondence course with the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis and occasionally attended the Agasha Temple of Wisdom. Eckankar asserts that Hinkins also joined their group in 1967 and was given a second initiation by its founder Paul Twitchell in 1968 but this is disputed.
In late 1963, Hinkins underwent a kidney stone surgery, which led to a nine-day coma and near-death experience. Shortly after this, Hinkins visited two trance-channelers and claimed to have encountered a higher consciousness named ‘John within himself’, and began referring to himself as John-Roger.
In 1971 Hinkins formally organized MSIA as a tax-exempt church based in California, United States.
John-Roger died at age 80 on October 22, 2014 of pneumonia after several years of poor health.
Related organizations founded by John-Roger
Peace Theological Seminary & College of Philosophy (PTS)
University of Santa Monica (USM)
Institute for Individual and World Peace (IIWP)
Insight Seminars
Heartfelt Foundation
Mandeville Press
Criticism and controversy
MSIA has been criticized by a variety of people over the years, but David C. Lane and Peter McWilliams, who provide the most substantive body of criticism, both focus on the role of founder John-Roger. The gist of Lane’s criticism of Hinkins is that he used spiritual teachings taken from Paul Twitchell’s Eckankar (who in turn took them from Radha Soami Satsang Beas, with which Lane is actively involved).
Ex-MSIA Minister Peter McWilliams wrote Life 102: What to Do When Your Guru Sues You, which was critical of Hinkins. McWilliams also dismisses MSIA as little more than a personality cult. In his book McWilliams asserts that Hinkins suffered from narcissistic personality disorder, possibly due to his 1963 coma.
McWilliams chronicles his extended relationship with Hinkins, accusing him of various misrepresentations and improprieties. However, McWilliams later agreed to abandon the copyright to MSIA to settle libel litigation over the contents of the book, and later asked that the book be removed from circulation in a notarized letter, stating “the content of the book is no longer one with which I would like to have my name associated.”
In his book The Missionary Position author Christopher Hitchens criticizes both Mother Teresa and John-Roger for a staged photo shoot where the two posed together in a studio with a blank backdrop. A blurred backdrop of Calcutta’s poor was added later. Hitchens questions the ethics of such a shoot, as well as Mother Teresa for accepting US$10,000 as part of an “Integrity Award” from MSIA, which he describes as having been “exposed in print as corrupt and fanatical”.
Cult allegations
MSIA has frequently been accused of being a cult of personality. Whether or not MSIA should be labeled a cult is a matter of dispute. Both the movement and its founder have been through alleged scandals (published in People Magazine and the Los Angeles Times among other publications) suggesting financial improprieties as well as sexual misconduct by Hinkins. MSIA gained widespread attention during the senatorial campaign of Michael Huffington, whose wife, Arianna Huffington, denied that she was a member of MSIA.
Notable persons who have studied in MSIA
Several well-known individuals and public figures have been involved with MSIA. The most prominent of these is Arianna Huffington. Other notable members are the Beach Boys’ Carl Wilson, model/actress Jaime King-Newman, actress Sally Kirkland, an MSIA minister since 1975, actress Leigh Taylor-Young, also an MSIA minister since 1975, actor Jsu Garcia, and author and management consultant David Allen. Author Peter McWilliams was also an MSIA minister but later repudiated MSIA and made a series of personal allegations against MSIA leader John-Roger in his book Life 102: What to Do When Your Guru Sues You.
References
Frequently Asked Questions
Lewis, James R.; Petersen, Jesper Aagaard. Controversial New Religions. Oxford University Press, New York: 2005, pp. 335–336.
John-Roger
CESNUR – The Origins of the Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness (MSIA)
University of Virginia Library Archived 2007-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
“John-Roger dies at 80; founder of controversial new-age church – Los Angeles Times”. Los Angeles Times. 23 October 2014.
Frost, William P. (1992). What Is the New Age?: Defining Third Millennium Consciousness. Edwin Mellen Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-7734-9192-9.
“Archived copy” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-10. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
Hitchens, Christopher (1995). The Missionary Position. London: Verso. pp. 7, 8. ISBN 1-85984-054-X.
Arianna’s Mandatory Cult Meetings
New Yorker profile, October 13 2008
Rolling Stone profile, 4 December 2006
“Arianna’s Mandatory Cult Meetings”.
Bright, Laren. “The Less Known Side of Sally Kirkland”. sallykirkland.com: Sally Kirkland. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2010. “on December 4, 1975, Sally was ordained as a minister by MSIA’s founder, John-Roger.”
King-Newman, Jaime. “Spiritual Warrior: the Art of Spiritual Living – What they’re saying”.
Mandeville Press. Retrieved 27 March 2010. “John-Roger is my teacher and my friend.”
Delmonteque, Bob. “Leigh Taylor- Young Weaves Spirituality and Service Into Hollywood Life”.
Journal of Longevity. 11 (10). Archived from the original on 2010-04-28. Retrieved 27 Mar 2010.
“Leigh became an ordained minister in the Church of the Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness (MSIA) in 1975.”
“Jsu Garcia Biography”. jsugarcia.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2010. “One of the most important aspects of Garcia’s life is his dedication to Peace Theological Seminary College of Philosophy, for which he and his friend, author John-Roger, have traveled throughout the world each year for the past nine years in an effort to bring peace to troubled areas such as Egypt and Israel”
Wolf, Gary (25 Sep 2007). “Getting Things Done Guru David Allen and His Cult of Hyper-efficiency”.
Wired Magazine. Condé Nast Digital. pp. Issue 15.10. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
Peter McWilliams, Life 102: What to Do When Your Guru Sues You (Prelude Press: Los Angeles, 1994). ISBN 0-931580-34-X., pp 6-7.
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The Ripper Crew or the Chicago Rippers was a satanic cult and organized crime group composed of serial killers, cannibals, rapists, and necrophiles Robin Gecht and three associates: Edward Spreitzer, and brothers Andrew and Thomas Kokoraleis. They were suspected in the disappearances of 17 women in Illinois in 1981 and 1982, as well as the unrelated fatal shooting of a man in a random drive-by shooting. According to one of the detectives who investigated the case, Gecht “made Manson look like a Boy Scout.”
Murders
The gang’s first victim was 28-year-old Linda Sutton, who was abducted on May 23, 1981. Ten days later, her body was found in a field in Villa Park, Illinois. Her body had been mutilated and her left breast amputated. It was almost a year before the gang struck again. On May 15, 1982, they abducted Lorraine Borowski, just as she was about to open the realtor’s office where she worked. Her body was discovered five months later, in a cemetery in Clarendon Hills.
On May 29, they abducted Shui Mak from Hanover Park, a village northwest of Villa Park. Her body was not found for four months. Two weeks after they abducted Mak, they picked up Angel York in their van, handcuffed her and slashed her breast before throwing her out of the van, still alive. York’s description of her attackers failed to produce any leads.
The gang did not strike again for two months. On August 28, 1982, the body of Sandra Delaware was discovered on the bank of the Chicago River. She had been stabbed, strangled, and her left breast was amputated. On September 8, 31-year-old Rose Davis was found in an alley, having suffered almost identical injuries as Delaware.
On October 6, 1982, the gang shot 28-year-old Rafael Tirado, a local drug dealer, and his friend, 18-year-old Alberto Rosario, at a phone booth in a random drive-by shooting. According to Spreitzer, he was driving with Gecht when the older man told him to slow down. Gecht took two guns from the back of the car, told the Spreitzer to stop the car, and then opened fire on Tirado and Rosario, hitting both of them. Rosario survived his injuries, while Tirado succumbed to his injuries at a hospital. Tirado was the gang’s only male victim.
A month later, the gang committed their last crime. Their victim, Beverley Washington, was found by a railroad track on December 6. In addition to other injuries, her left breast had been amputated and her right breast was severely slashed. She survived the attack, and was able to give descriptions of her attackers and the van they had used to abduct her.
The men were suspects in the disappearance of Carole Pappas, wife of Chicago Cubs pitcher Milt Pappas. She disappeared on September 11, 1982. Her body was recovered five years later, and the death was ruled an accident.
Arrest and convictions
When Gecht was first arrested, he had to be released since the police had insufficient evidence to connect him to the crimes. After further investigation, though, the police discovered that in 1981, he had rented a room in a motel along with three friends – each with adjoining rooms. The hotel manager said that they had held loud parties and appeared to be involved in some kind of cult. Police then tracked down the other men, Edward Spreitzer and the Kokoraleis brothers.
When interrogated, Thomas Kokoraleis confessed that he and the others had taken women back to Gecht’s place – what Gecht called a “satanic chapel.” There they had raped and tortured the women, and amputated their breasts with a wire garrote. Kokoraleis went on to say that they would eat parts of the severed breasts as kind of a sacrament, and that Gecht would masturbate into the breasts before putting them in a box. Kokoraleis claimed that he once saw 15 breasts in the box.
Gecht, the only member of the gang to maintain his innocence, was never tried for any of the murders due to a lack of evidence. In 1983, he was convicted of attempted murder, aggravated kidnapping, deviate sexual assaults, and rape for the non-fatal rape and assault of Beverly Washington. Gecht was sentenced to 120 years in prison. Before sentencing Gecht, Judge Francis J. Mahon told him “Only a devil would do these things. An animal would not do these things. A monster would.” He pointed out that Gecht had left Washington for dead and was lucky to be not on trial for murder.
Gecht is serving his sentence at Menard Correctional Center. His projected parole date is October 10, 2042. Should he live long enough, Gecht will be 88 years old when he is released from prison.
In 1984, Spreitzer, in a bid for leniency, pleaded guilty to murder in the deaths of Shui Mak, Rose Davis, Sandra Delaware, and Rafael Tirado, as well as attempted murder, aggravated kidnapping, deviate sexual assault, and rape. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole.
In 1986, Spreitzer was convicted of murder and aggravated kidnapping in the death of Linda Sutton. The prosecution sought a death sentence. During the sentencing phase, Spreitzer’s attorney, Carol Anfinson, argued he was “immature, impulsive and simplistic”, and was following the orders of the gang’s leader, Robin Gecht. She described him as a lonely person who would “do almost anything” to please his friend. The prosecution described Spreitzer as “every woman`s nightmare”, calling the gang “cowardly weasels who roamed in packs to prey on women.” Spreitzer was sentenced to death.
In 2003, Spreitzer’s sentence was commuted to life in prison without parole after Governor George H. Ryan commuted the sentences of everyone on death row in Illinois. Incidentally, Andrew Kokoraleis was Governor Ryan’s only execution, just over two months into his administration. Andrew was also the last inmate executed in Illinois, almost 12 years before Governor Pat Quinn signed legislation to abolish the death penalty on March 9, 2011, and commuted 15 death sentences to life imprisonment without parole.
In 1985, Andrew Kokoraleis was convicted of murder, aggravated kidnapping, and rape in the death of Rose Davis. The prosecution sought a death sentence. During the sentencing phase, Andrew’s attorney said his client had been “a follower … not an organizer, not the prime mover” in Davis’s murder. The jury spared Andrew’s life after deliberating for 90 minutes, and he was sentenced to life in prison without parole.
On March 18, 1987, Andrew was convicted of murder and aggravated kidnapping in the death of Lorraine Borowski. He was sentenced to death on April 30, 1987, and executed by lethal injection on March 17, 1999. He declined a last meal. Andrew’s last words were “To the Borowski family, I am truly sorry for your loss. I mean this sincerely.” He then cited verses from the biblical books of Exodus and Proverbs and added: “Repent ye, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.”
The Kokoraleis brothers were raised Greek Orthodox. The Orthodox Church attempted unsuccessfully to keep Andrew Kokoraleis from being executed. Demetrios Kantzavelos, at that time a chancellor (later a bishop) of the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Chicago, became an anti-death-penalty activist as a result of the execution, and helped lobby in favor of ending the death penalty in the state.
Thomas Kokoraleis was convicted of murder and rape in the death of Lorraine Borowski. As a reward for his detailed confession, he was sentenced to life in prison without parole. On appeal, Thomas’s rape conviction was reversed and he won a new trial on his murder conviction. Rather than face a retrial, Thomas pleaded guilty to Borowski’s murder in exchange for a 70-year sentence. Charges in the murder of Linda Sutton were dismissed as part of the plea agreement. Thomas was scheduled to be paroled on September 30, 2017, but was denied release after he failed to find an approved place to live. He was released from prison on March 29, 2019. As of June 30, 2019, Thomas lives at Wayside Cross Ministries at 215 E. New York St. in Aurora, Illinois. In an interview with WBBM-TV, Thomas proclaimed his innocence, saying “Everybody thinks I’m a monster. I’m not a monster.”
At the time of his arrest, Thomas Kokoraleis was a painter with no criminal record. He was described as having a “borderline range of intellect”, with an IQ of 75;
David Gecht
In March 1999, Robin Gecht’s son, 18-year-old David Gecht, was charged with first degree murder for the gang-related killing of Roberto Cruz, 35, on January 29, 1999, in northwest Chicago. Two other men, 19-year-old Richard Kwil and 27-year-old Ruben Hernandez, were also charged.
David Gecht, the triggerman, was convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to 45 years in prison. He has a projected parole date of March 2, 2044.
Richard Kwil, a lookout, was convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to 30 years in prison. He has a projected parole date of March 1, 2029.
Ruben Hernandez, who planned and coordinated the shooting, was convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to 60 years in prison. He has a projected parole date of December 12, 2059.
All three men are serving their sentences at Pontiac Correctional Center.
On May 25, 2022, David Gecht was granted a new trial.
References
Schneck, Robert Damon (2014). “Ku Klux Klowns: Grim Rippers”. Mrs. Wakeman vs. the Anti-Christ: And Other Strange-but-true Tales From American History (E-Book ed.). [S.l.]: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1585429448.
Ramsland, Katherine. (2005) The Human Predator: A Historical Chronicle of Serial Murder and Forensic Investigation, Berkley Books, ISBN 978-0-425-20765-9 p. 220.
Rumore, Christy Gutowski, Marianne Mather and Kori. “Timeline: Sadistic exploits, innocent victims of the Ripper Crew”. chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
Gutowski, Christy. “The Ripper Crew abducted and murdered women in the ’80s. Now Thomas Kokoraleis, 58, is set to go free”. chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
Greig, Charlotte (2005). Evil Serial Killers: In the Minds of Monsters. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 142. ISBN 0760775664.
“People v. Spreitzer”. Justia Law. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
Ramsland, Katherine. “The story of Robin Gecht & the notorious Chicago Rippers”. Crime Library. truTV.com/Turner Broadcasting. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
Greig, Charlotte (2005). Evil Serial Killers: In the Minds of Monsters. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 143. ISBN 0760775664.
Houston, Jack (1987-08-09). “Pappas Identified – No Sign Of Foul Play”. articles.chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
“A judge ordered 120 years in prison for ‘devil’…” UPI. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
“DECISION EXPECTED SOON ON SLASHER DEATH PENALTY”. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
“SPREITZER SENTENCED TO DEATH”. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
Long, Ray (March 9, 2011). “Quinn signs death penalty ban, commutes 15 death row sentences to life”. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2011-03-09.
“A 21-year-old man, suspected in the mutilation slayings of…” UPI. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
“‘Ripper’ murderer sentenced to life”. UPI. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
“MAN GUILTY IN MURDER OF WOMAN”. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
“SEX KILLER SENTENCED TO DEATH”. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
“Greek-American Executed in Illinois for 1982 Murder”. Macedonian Press Agency. Hellenic Resources Network. 1999-03-17. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
“KOKORALEIS’ EXECUTION CARRIED OUT”. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
“Last Person to Receive Illinois Death Penalty Was Greek”.
“Religious Leaders Call For Halt To Executions”.
“Reputed Chicago gang member, killer set for prison release”. ABC News. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
“Reputed ‘Ripper Crew’ member, killer released from prison”. ABC News. 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
Freishtat, Sarah. “Aurora mayor blasts Ripper Crew murderer’s new home: ‘It is a risk the people of Aurora shouldn’t have to take’”. Aurora Beacon-News. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
“Aurora police: ‘Ripper Crew’ member unaffected by child sex offender evictions”. Daily Herald. Retrieved 2019-06-30.
“In First On-Camera Interview, Thomas Kokoraleis Claims Innocence: ‘Everybody Thinks I’m A Monster; I’m Not A Monster’”. 2019-06-13. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
Rapist’s Son is Among 3 Charged in Slaying.
“U.S. EX REL. GECHT v. PIERCE”. Leagle. September 19, 2006.
“State of Illinois | DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS | Inmate Search Results”. http://www.idoc.state.il.us. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
“State of Illinois | DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS | Inmate Search Results”. http://www.idoc.state.il.us. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
“U.S. ex Rel. Hernandez v. Pierce, 429 F. Supp. 2d 918 | Casetext Search + Citator”. casetext.com. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
“State of Illinois | DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS | Inmate Search Results”. http://www.idoc.state.il.us. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
Grimm, Andy (May 25, 2022). “Man jailed since 1999 gets new trial after judge rips CPD detective for framing ‘random men’”. Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
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Cyrus Reed Teed (October 18, 1839 – December 22, 1908) was a U.S. eclectic physician and alchemist turned pseudoscientific religious leader and self-proclaimed messiah. In 1869, claiming divine inspiration, Teed took on the name Koresh and proposed a new set of scientific and religious ideas he called Koreshanity, including a concave, or “cellular”, Hollow Earth cosmology positing that the sky, humanity, and the surface of the Earth exist on the inside of a universe-encompassing sphere.
In the 1870s, he founded in New York the Koreshan Unity, a commune whose rule of conduct was based on his teachings. Other similar communities were established in Chicago and San Francisco. After 1894 the group concentrated itself in the small Florida town of Estero, seeking to build a “New Jerusalem” in that locale, peaking at 250 residents during the first decade of the 20th century. Following Teed’s death late in 1908 the group went into decline, finally disappearing in 1961, leaving the Koreshan State Historic Site behind.
Biography
Early years
Cyrus Reed Teed was born October 18, 1839 in Delaware County, New York.
Teed studied medicine before opening a medical practice in Utica, New York.
Koreshanity
As a young eclectic physician, Teed was always interested in unconventional experiments, such as alchemy, often involving dangerously high levels of electricity. In the autumn of 1869, during an experiment he was badly shocked, and passed out. During his period of unconsciousness, Teed believed he was visited by a divine spirit who told him that he was the messiah. Inspired, once he awoke Teed vowed to apply his scientific knowledge to “redeem humanity.” He promptly changed his first name to “Koresh,” the Hebrew version of “Cyrus”.
Teed denounced the idea that the Earth revolved around the sun and instead pioneered his own theory of the Universe, known as the Cellular Cosmogony. According to this theory, human beings live on the inside of the planet, not the outside; also, the sun is a giant battery-operated contraption, and the stars mere refractions of its light.
Teed’s ideas, called Koreshanity, caught on with others. Koreshanity preached cellular cosmogony, alchemy, reincarnation, immortality, celibacy, communism, and a few other radical ideas. Teed started preaching Koreshanity in the 1870s in New York, forming the Koreshan Unity, later moving to Chicago.
Communal leader
One of Teed’s fundamental principles involved the gathering of his most devoted followers into communal living groups. A first commune was formed in Chicago in 1888. By 1902 a second Koreshan community was established in that city. Other followers of the so-called Koreshan Unity formed a short-lived community in San Francisco, which lasted from 1891 to 1892. Small church groups existed in other towns.
In 1894 Teed’s followers began to congregate in a small Florida town called Estero, where Teed planned to form a “New Jerusalem.” The two Chicago societies, including the group’s printing plant, were subsequently shut down and moved to Florida. The colony was extensively landscaped and bedecked with numerous exotic tropical plants. The Koreshans built extensively, establishing a bakery, general store, concrete works, power plant, and “World College of Life” in the community. They also published their newspaper from the site, called The Flaming Sword.
The “golden age” of the Koreshan Unity in Estero was 1903 to 1908, when they had over 250 residents and incorporated the town, its territory embracing some 110 square miles — the fifth largest area of any city in the United States at the time.
They tried to run several candidates for county government against the local Democratic Party, but were never successful.
Death and legacy
On October 13, 1906, while meeting the 1:30PM Atlantic Coast Line train from Baltimore, a group of Koreshans got into a fight in front of R. W. Gillams’ grocery store in Ft. Myers, Teed tried to break it up and he was severely beaten by a Marshal Sanchez, suffering injuries from which he never recovered. He died on December 22, 1908.
Teed’s followers initially expected his resurrection, after which he and his faithful would be taken up to heaven as he had predicted in his book The Immortal Manhood. They kept a constant vigil over his body for two days, after which time it began to show signs of decay. Following Christmas the county health officer stepped in to order his burial. After his death the group went into decline.
In 1921, a hurricane destroyed his tomb on the southern end of Estero island and washed his coffin out to sea.
The last remaining follower, Hedwig Michel, deeded the colony to the State of Florida in 1961. It is now the Koreshan State Historic Site.
Cyrus Teed’s son, Douglas Arthur Teed, was an American Impressionist painter, but not a follower of his father’s teachings.
Footnotes
William Alfred Hinds, American Communities and Co-operative Colonies. Second Edition. Chicago, IL: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1908; pg. 471.
Hinds, American Communities and Co-operative Colonies, pp. 471–472.
Hinds, American Communities and Co-operative Colonies, pg. 473.
Hinds, American Communities and Co-operative Colonies, pg. 472.
Hicks, Peter. “Cyrus Teed”. mwweb.org. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
“Proceedings of Estero Town Council”, The American Eagle, (Estero: Koreshan, 1906), Vol. 1, No. 23, accessed on 15 Dec 2016, https://www.floridamemory.com/exhibits/koreshan/documents.php?doc=2-8-americaneagle&sec=2&page=1
Donna Kossy, Kooks. Portland: Feral House, 1994. pg. 89. ISBN 0-922915-19-9.
Martin Gardner, Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. pg. 26.
“Cyrus Read Teed (1839–1908) – Find A Grave Memorial”. Findagrave.com. 2010-02-14. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
Works
The Immortal Manhood: The Laws and Processes of Its Attainment in the Flesh. Chicago, IL: Guiding Star Publishing House, 1902.
The Cellular Cosmogony; or, The Earth a Concave Sphere. With Ulysses G. Morrow. Estero, FL: Guiding Star Publishing House, 1905.
Further reading
Christoph Brumann, “The Dominance of One and Its Perils: Charismatic Leadership and Branch Structures in Utopian Communes,” Journal of Anthropological Research, vol. 56, no. 4 (Winter 2000), pp. 425–451.
Howard D. Fine, “The Koreshan Unity: The Chicago Years of a Utopian Community,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, vol. 68, no. 3 (June 1975), pp. 213–227.
Martin Gardner, “Flat and Hollow,” in Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science, 2nd Edition. New York: Dover Publications, 1957; pp. 22–27.
Donna Kossy, “Dr. Cyrus Teed” in Kooks: A Guide to the Outer Limits of Human Belief. Revised 2nd Edition. Los Angeles: Feral House, 2001.
James E. Landing, “Cyrus Reed Teed and the Koreshan Unity,” in Donald E. Pitzer (ed.), America’s Communal Utopias. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2010; pp. 375–395.
Elliott Mackle, “Cyrus Teed and the Lee County Elections of 1906,” Florida Historical Quarterly, vol. 57, no. 1 (July 1978), pp. 1–18.
Lyn Millner, “The Allure of Immortality: An American Cult, a Florida Swamp, and a Renegade Prophet,” University Press of Florida, 2015.
Sarah A. Tarlow, “Representing Utopia: The Case of Cyrus Teed’s Koreshan Unity Settlement,” Historical Archaeology, vol. 40, no. 1 (2006), pp. 89–99.
Irvin D. S. Winsboro, “The Koreshan Communitarians’ Papers and Publications in Estero, 1894–1963,” Florida Historical Quarterly, vol. 83, no. 2 (Fall 2004), pp. 173–190.
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Comets and impact on life Many comets and asteroids collided with Earth in its early stages. Many scientists think that comets bombarding the young Earth about 4 billion years ago brought the vast quantities of water that now fill Earth’s oceans, or at least a significant portion of it. Others have cast doubt on this idea. The detection of organic molecules, including poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in significant quantities in comets has led to speculation that comets or meteorites may have brought the precursors of life—or even life itself—to Earth. In 2013 it was suggested that impacts between rocky and icy surfaces, such as comets, had the potential to create the amino acids that make up proteins through shock synthesis. The speed at which the comets entered the atmosphere, combined with the magnitude of energy created after initial contact, allowed smaller molecules to condense into the larger macro-molecules that served as the foundation for life. In 2015, scientists found significant amounts of molecular oxygen in the out-gassings of comet 67P, suggesting that the molecule may occur more often than had been thought, and thus less an indicator of life as has been supposed. It is suspected that comet impacts have, over long timescales, also delivered significant quantities of water to Earth’s Moon, some of which may have survived as lunar ice. Comet and meteoroid impacts are also thought to be responsible for the existence of tektites and australites. Fear of comets Fear of comets as acts of God and signs of impending doom was highest in Europe from AD 1200 to 1650. The year after the Great Comet of 1618, for example, Gotthard Arthusius published a pamphlet stating that it was a sign that the Day of Judgment was near. He listed ten pages of comet-related disasters, including “earthquakes, floods, changes in river courses, hail storms, hot and dry weather, poor harvests, epidemics, war and treason and high prices”. By 1700 most scholars concluded that such events occurred whether a comet was seen or not. Using Edmond Halley’s records of comet sightings, however, William Whiston in 1711 wrote that the Great Comet of 1680 had a periodicity of 574 years and was responsible for the worldwide flood in the Book of Genesis, by pouring water on Earth. His announcement revived for another century fear of comets, now as direct threats to the world instead of signs of disasters. Spectroscopic analysis in 1910 found the toxic gas cyanogen in the tail of Halley’s Comet, causing panicked buying of gas masks and quack “anti-comet pills” and “anti-comet umbrellas” by the public. Fate of comets If a comet is traveling fast enough, it may leave the Solar System. Such comets follow the open path of a hyperbola, and as such, they are called hyperbolic comets. Solar comets are only known to be ejected by interacting with another object in the Solar System, such as Jupiter. An example of this is Comet C/1980 E1, which was shifted from an orbit of 7.1 million years around the Sun, to a hyperbolic trajectory, after a 1980 close pass by the planet Jupiter. Interstellar comets such as 1I/ʻOumuamua and 2I/Borisov never orbited the Sun and therefore do not require a 3rd-body interaction to be ejected from the Solar System. Volatiles exhausted Jupiter-family comets and long-period comets appear to follow very different fading laws. The JFCs are active over a lifetime of about 10,000 years or ~1,000 orbits whereas long-period comets fade much faster. Only 10% of the long-period comets survive more than 50 passages to small perihelion and only 1% of them survive more than 2,000 passages. Eventually most of the volatile material contained in a comet nucleus evaporates, and the comet becomes a small, dark, inert lump of rock or rubble that can resemble an asteroid. Some asteroids in elliptical orbits are now identified as extinct comets. Roughly six percent of the near-Earth asteroids are thought to be extinct comet nuclei. Breakup and collisions The nucleus of some comets may be fragile, a conclusion supported by the observation of comets splitting apart. A significant cometary disruption was that of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9, which was discovered in 1993. A close encounter in July 1992 had broken it into pieces, and over a period of six days in July 1994, these pieces fell into Jupiter’s atmosphere—the first time astronomers had observed a collision between two objects in the Solar System. Other splitting comets include 3D/Biela in 1846 and 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann from 1995 to 2006. Greek historian Ephorus reported that a comet split apart as far back as the winter of 372–373 BC. Comets are suspected of splitting due to thermal stress, internal gas pressure, or impact. Comets 42P/Neujmin and 53P/Van Biesbroeck appear to be fragments of a parent comet. Numerical integrations have shown that both comets had a rather close approach to Jupiter in January 1850, and that, before 1850, the two orbits were nearly identical. Some comets have been observed to break up during their perihelion passage, including great comets West and Ikeya–Seki. Biela’s Comet was one significant example when it broke into two pieces during its passage through the perihelion in 1846. These two comets were seen separately in 1852, but never again afterward. Instead, spectacular meteor showers were seen in 1872 and 1885 when the comet should have been visible. A minor meteor shower, the Andromedids, occurs annually in November, and it is caused when Earth crosses the orbit of Biela’s Comet. Some comets meet a more spectacular end – either falling into the Sun or smashing into a planet or other body. Collisions between comets and planets or moons were common in the early Solar System: some of the many craters on the Moon, for example, may have been caused by comets. A recent collision of a comet with a planet occurred in July 1994 when Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 broke up into pieces and collided with Jupiter. The names given to comets have followed several different conventions over the past two centuries. Prior to the early 20th century, most comets were referred to by the year when they appeared, sometimes with additional adjectives for particularly bright comets; thus, the “Great Comet of 1680”, the “Great Comet of 1882”, and the “Great January Comet of 1910”. After Edmond Halley demonstrated that the comets of 1531, 1607, and 1682 were the same body and successfully predicted its return in 1759 by calculating its orbit, that comet became known as Halley’s Comet. Similarly, the second and third known periodic comets, Encke’s Comet and Biela’s Comet, were named after the astronomers who calculated their orbits rather than their original discoverers. Later, periodic comets were usually named after their discoverers, but comets that had appeared only once continued to be referred to by the year of their appearance. In the early 20th century, the convention of naming comets after their discoverers became common, and this remains so today. A comet can be named after its discoverers or an instrument or program that helped to find it. For example, in 2019, astronomer Gennadiy Borisov observed a comet that appeared to have originated outside of the solar system; the comet was named 2I/Borisov after him. History of study From ancient sources, such as Chinese oracle bones, it is known that comets have been noticed by humans for millennia. Until the sixteenth century, comets were usually considered bad omens of deaths of kings or noble men, or coming catastrophes, or even interpreted as attacks by heavenly beings against terrestrial inhabitants. Aristotle (384–322 BC) was the first known scientist to use various theories and observational facts to employ a consistent, structured cosmological theory of comets. He believed that comets were atmospheric phenomena, due to the fact that they could appear outside of the zodiac and vary in brightness over the course of a few days. Aristotle’s cometary theory arose from his observations and cosmological theory that everything in the cosmos is arranged in a distinct configuration. Part of this configuration was a clear separation between the celestial and terrestrial, believing comets to be strictly associated with the latter. According to Aristotle, comets must be within the sphere of the moon and clearly separated from the heavens. Also in the 4th century BC, Apollonius of Myndus supported the idea that comets moved like the planets. Aristotelian theory on comets continued to be widely accepted throughout the Middle Ages, despite several discoveries from various individuals challenging aspects of it. In the 1st century AD, Seneca the Younger questioned Aristotle’s logic concerning comets. Because of their regular movement and imperviousness to wind, they cannot be atmospheric, and are more permanent than suggested by their brief flashes across the sky. He pointed out that only the tails are transparent and thus cloud-like, and argued that there is no reason to confine their orbits to the zodiac. In criticizing Apollonius of Myndus, Seneca argues, “A comet cuts through the upper regions of the universe and then finally becomes visible when it reaches the lowest point of its orbit.” While Seneca did not author a substantial theory of his own, his arguments would spark much debate among Aristotle’s critics in the 16th and 17th centuries. Also in the 1st century, Pliny the Elder believed that comets were connected with political unrest and death. Pliny observed comets as “human like”, often describing their tails with “long hair” or “long beard”. His system for classifying comets according to their color and shape was used for centuries. In India, by the 6th century astronomers believed that comets were celestial bodies that re-appeared periodically. This was the view expressed in the 6th century by the astronomers Varāhamihira and Bhadrabahu, and the 10th-century astronomer Bhaṭṭotpala listed the names and estimated periods of certain comets, but it is not known how these figures were calculated or how accurate they were. In 1301, the Italian painter Giotto was the first person to accurately and anatomically portray a comet. In his work Adoration of the Magi, Giotto’s depiction of Halley’s Comet in the place of the Star of Bethlehem would go unmatched in accuracy until the 19th century and be bested only with the invention of photography. Astrological interpretations of comets proceeded to take precedence clear into the 15th century, despite the presence of modern scientific astronomy beginning to take root. Comets continued to forewarn of disaster, as seen in the Luzerner Schilling chronicles and in the warnings of Pope Callixtus III. In 1578, German Lutheran bishop Andreas Celichius defined comets as “the thick smoke of human sins… kindled by the hot and fiery anger of the Supreme Heavenly Judge”. The next year, Andreas Dudith stated that “If comets were caused by the sins of mortals, they would never be absent from the sky.” Scientific approach Crude attempts at a parallax measurement of Halley’s Comet were made in 1456, but were erroneous. Regiomontanus was the first to attempt to calculate diurnal parallax by observing the great comet of 1472. His predictions were not very accurate, but they were conducted in the hopes of estimating the distance of a comet from the Earth. In the 16th century, Tycho Brahe and Michael Maestlin demonstrated that comets must exist outside of Earth’s atmosphere by measuring the parallax of the Great Comet of 1577. Within the precision of the measurements, this implied the comet must be at least four times more distant than from Earth to the Moon. Based on observations in 1664, Giovanni Borelli recorded the longitudes and latitudes of comets that he observed, and suggested that cometary orbits may be parabolic. Galileo Galilei, one of the most renowned astronomers to date, even attempted writings on comets in The Assayer. He rejected Brahe’s theories on the parallax of comets and claimed that they may be a mere optical illusion. Intrigued as early scientists were about the nature of comets, Galileo could not help but throw about his own theories despite little personal observation. Maestlin’s student Johannes Kepler responded to these unjust criticisms in his work Hyperaspistes. Jakob Bernoulli published another attempt to explain comets (Conamen Novi Systematis Cometarum) in 1682. Also occurring in the early modern period was the study of comets and their astrological significance in medical disciplines. Many healers of this time considered medicine and astronomy to be inter-disciplinary and employed their knowledge of comets and other astrological signs for diagnosing and treating patients. Isaac Newton, in his Principia Mathematica of 1687, proved that an object moving under the influence of gravity by an inverse square law must trace out an orbit shaped like one of the conic sections, and he demonstrated how to fit a comet’s path through the sky to a parabolic orbit, using the comet of 1680 as an example. He describes comets as compact and durable solid bodies moving in oblique orbit and their tails as thin streams of vapor emitted by their nuclei, ignited or heated by the Sun. He suspected that comets were the origin of the life-supporting component of air. He also pointed out that comets usually appear near the Sun, and therefore most likely orbit it. On their luminosity, he stated, “The comets shine by the Sun’s light, which they reflect,” with their tails illuminated by “the Sun’s light reflected by a smoke arising from [the coma]”. In 1705, Edmond Halley (1656–1742) applied Newton’s method to 23 cometary apparitions that had occurred between 1337 and 1698. He noted that three of these, the comets of 1531, 1607, and 1682, had very similar orbital elements, and he was further able to account for the slight differences in their orbits in terms of gravitational perturbation caused by Jupiter and Saturn. Confident that these three apparitions had been three appearances of the same comet, he predicted that it would appear again in 1758–9. Halley’s predicted return date was later refined by a team of three French mathematicians: Alexis Clairaut, Joseph Lalande, and Nicole-Reine Lepaute, who predicted the date of the comet’s 1759 perihelion to within one month’s accuracy. When the comet returned as predicted, it became known as Halley’s Comet. From his huge vaporing train perhaps to shake Reviving moisture on the numerous orbs, Thro’ which his long ellipsis winds; perhaps To lend new fuel to declining suns, To light up worlds, and feed th’ ethereal fire. James Thomson The Seasons (1730; 1748) As early as the 18th century, some scientists had made correct hypotheses as to comets’ physical composition. In 1755, Immanuel Kant hypothesized in his Universal Natural History that comets were condensed from “primitive matter” beyond the known planets, which is “feebly moved” by gravity, then orbit at arbitrary inclinations, and are partially vaporized by the Sun’s heat as they near perihelion. In 1836, the German mathematician Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, after observing streams of vapor during the appearance of Halley’s Comet in 1835, proposed that the jet forces of evaporating material could be great enough to significantly alter a comet’s orbit, and he argued that the non-gravitational movements of Encke’s Comet resulted from this phenomenon. In the 19th century, the Astronomical Observatory of Padova was an epicenter in the observational study of comets. Led by Giovanni Santini (1787–1877) and followed by Giuseppe Lorenzoni (1843–1914), this observatory was devoted to classical astronomy, mainly to the new comets and planets orbit calculation, with the goal of compiling a catalog of almost ten thousand stars. Situated in the Northern portion of Italy, observations from this observatory were key in establishing important geodetic, geographic, and astronomical calculations, such as the difference of longitude between Milan and Padua as well as Padua to Fiume. In addition to these geographic observations, correspondence within the observatory, particularly between Santini and another astronomer Giuseppe Toaldo, about the importance of comet and planetary orbital observations. In 1950, Fred Lawrence Whipple proposed that rather than being rocky objects containing some ice, comets were icy objects containing some dust and rock. This “dirty snowball” model soon became accepted and appeared to be supported by the observations of an armada of spacecraft (including the European Space Agency’s Giotto probe and the Soviet Union’s Vega 1 and Vega 2) that flew through the coma of Halley’s Comet in 1986, photographed the nucleus, and observed jets of evaporating material. On 22 January 2014, ESA scientists reported the detection, for the first definitive time, of water vapor on the dwarf planet Ceres, the largest object in the asteroid belt. The detection was made by using the far-infrared abilities of the Herschel Space Observatory. The finding is unexpected because comets, not asteroids, are typically considered to “sprout jets and plumes”. According to one of the scientists, “The lines are becoming more and more blurred between comets and asteroids.” On 11 August 2014, astronomers released studies, using the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) for the first time, that detailed the distribution of HCN, HNC, H2CO, and dust inside the comae of comets C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) and C/2012 S1 (ISON). Spacecraft missions The Halley Armada describes the collection of spacecraft missions that visited and/or made observations of Halley’s Comet 1980s perihelion. The space shuttle Challenger was intended to do a study of Halley’s Comet in 1986, but exploded shortly after being launched. Deep Impact. Debate continues about how much ice is in a comet. In 2001, the Deep Space 1 spacecraft obtained high-resolution images of the surface of Comet Borrelly. It was found that the surface of comet Borrelly is hot and dry, with a temperature of between 26 to 71 °C (79 to 160 °F), and extremely dark, suggesting that the ice has been removed by solar heating and maturation, or is hidden by the soot-like material that covers Borrelly. In July 2005, the Deep Impact probe blasted a crater on Comet Tempel 1 to study its interior. The mission yielded results suggesting that the majority of a comet’s water ice is below the surface and that these reservoirs feed the jets of vaporized water that form the coma of Tempel 1. Renamed EPOXI, it made a flyby of Comet Hartley 2 on 4 November 2010. Ulysses. In 2007, the Ulysses probe unexpectedly passed through the tail of the comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught) which was discovered in 2006. Ulysses was launched in 1990 and the intended mission was for Ulysses to orbit around the sun for further study at all latitudes. Stardust. Data from the Stardust mission show that materials retrieved from the tail of Wild 2 were crystalline and could only have been “born in fire”, at extremely high temperatures of over 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). Although comets formed in the outer Solar System, radial mixing of material during the early formation of the Solar System is thought to have redistributed material throughout the proto-planetary disk. As a result, comets also contain crystalline grains that formed in the early, hot inner Solar System. This is seen in comet spectra as well as in sample return missions. More recent still, the materials retrieved demonstrate that the “comet dust resembles asteroid materials”. These new results have forced scientists to rethink the nature of comets and their distinction from asteroids. Rosetta. The Rosetta probe orbited Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko. On 12 November 2014, its lander Philae successfully landed on the comet’s surface, the first time a spacecraft has ever landed on such an object in history. Classification Approximately once a decade, a comet becomes bright enough to be noticed by a casual observer, leading such comets to be designated as great comets. Predicting whether a comet will become a great comet is notoriously difficult, as many factors may cause a comet’s brightness to depart drastically from predictions. Broadly speaking, if a comet has a large and active nucleus, will pass close to the Sun, and is not obscured by the Sun as seen from Earth when at its brightest, it has a chance of becoming a great comet. However, Comet Kohoutek in 1973 fulfilled all the criteria and was expected to become spectacular but failed to do so. Comet West, which appeared three years later, had much lower expectations but became an extremely impressive comet. The Great Comet of 1577 is a well-known example of a great comet. It passed near Earth as a non-periodic comet and was seen by many, including well-known astronomers Tycho Brahe and Taqi ad-Din. Observations of this comet led to several significant findings regarding cometary science, especially for Brahe. The late 20th century saw a lengthy gap without the appearance of any great comets, followed by the arrival of two in quick succession—Comet Hyakutake in 1996, followed by Hale–Bopp, which reached maximum brightness in 1997 having been discovered two years earlier. The first great comet of the 21st century was C/2006 P1 (McNaught), which became visible to naked eye observers in January 2007. It was the brightest in over 40 years. Sun-grazing comets A sun-grazing comet is a comet that passes extremely close to the Sun at perihelion, generally within a few million kilometers. Although small sun-grazers can be completely evaporated during such a close approach to the Sun, larger sun-grazers can survive many perihelion passages. However, the strong tidal forces they experience often lead to their fragmentation. About 90% of the sun-grazers observed with SOHO are members of the Kreutz group, which all originate from one giant comet that broke up into many smaller comets during its first passage through the inner Solar System. The remainder contains some sporadic sun-grazers, but four other related groups of comets have been identified among them: the Kracht, Kracht 2a, Marsden, and Meyer groups. The Marsden and Kracht groups both appear to be related to Comet 96P/Machholz, which is also the parent of two meteor streams, the Quadrantids and the Arietids. Unusual comets Of the thousands of known comets, some exhibit unusual properties. Comet Encke (2P/Encke) orbits from outside the asteroid belt to just inside the orbit of the planet Mercury whereas the Comet 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann currently travels in a nearly circular orbit entirely between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn. 2060 Chiron, whose unstable orbit is between Saturn and Uranus, was originally classified as an asteroid until a faint coma was noticed. Similarly, Comet Shoemaker–Levy 2 was originally designated asteroid 1990 UL3. Largest The largest known periodic comet is 95P/Chiron at 200 km in diameter that comes to perihelion every 50 years just inside of Saturn’s orbit at 8 AU. The largest known Oort cloud comet is suspected of being Comet Bernardinelli-Bernstein at ≈150 km that will not come to perihelion until January 2031 just outside of Saturn’s orbit at 11 AU. The Comet of 1729 is estimated to have been ≈100 km in diameter and came to perihelion inside of Jupiter’s orbit at 4 AU. Centaurs Centaurs typically behave with characteristics of both asteroids and comets. Centaurs can be classified as comets such as 60558 Echeclus, and 166P/NEAT. 166P/NEAT was discovered while it exhibited a coma, and so is classified as a comet despite its orbit, and 60558 Echeclus was discovered without a coma but later became active, and was then classified as both a comet and an asteroid (174P/Echeclus). One plan for Cassini involved sending it to a centaur, but NASA decided to destroy it instead. Observation A comet may be discovered photographically using a wide-field telescope or visually with binoculars. However, even without access to optical equipment, it is still possible for the amateur astronomer to discover a sun-grazing comet online by downloading images accumulated by some satellite observatories such as SOHO. SOHO’s 2000th comet was discovered by Polish amateur astronomer Michał Kusiak on 26 December 2010 and both discoverers of Hale–Bopp used amateur equipment (although Hale was not an amateur). Lost A number of periodic comets discovered in earlier decades or previous centuries are now lost comets. Their orbits were never known well enough to predict future appearances or the comets have disintegrated. However, occasionally a “new” comet is discovered, and calculation of its orbit shows it to be an old “lost” comet. An example is Comet 11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR, discovered in 1869 but unobservable after 1908 because of perturbations by Jupiter. It was not found again until accidentally rediscovered by LINEAR in 2001. There are at least 18 comets that fit this category. In popular culture The depiction of comets in popular culture is firmly rooted in the long Western tradition of seeing comets as harbingers of doom and as omens of world-altering change. Halley’s Comet alone has caused a slew of sensationalist publications of all sorts at each of its reappearances. It was especially noted that the birth and death of some notable persons coincided with separate appearances of the comet, such as with writers Mark Twain (who correctly speculated that he’d “go out with the comet” in 1910) and Eudora Welty, to whose life Mary Chapin Carpenter dedicated the song “Halley Came to Jackson”. In times past, bright comets often inspired panic and hysteria in the general population, being thought of as bad omens. More recently, during the passage of Halley’s Comet in 1910, Earth passed through the comet’s tail, and erroneous newspaper reports inspired a fear that cyanogen in the tail might poison millions, whereas the appearance of Comet Hale–Bopp in 1997 triggered the mass suicide of the Heaven’s Gate cult. In science fiction, the impact of comets has been depicted as a threat overcome by technology and heroism (as in the 1998 films Deep Impact and Armageddon), or as a trigger of global apocalypse (Lucifer’s Hammer, 1979) or zombies (Night of the Comet, 1984). In Jules Verne’s Off on a Comet a group of people are stranded on a comet orbiting the Sun, while a large crewed space expedition visits Halley’s Comet in Sir Arthur C. Clarke’s novel 2061: Odyssey Three. In Literature The long-period comet first recorded by Pons in Florence on 15 July 1825 inspired Lydia Sigourney’s humorous poem Wikisource-logo.svg The Comet of 1825. in which all the celestial bodies argue over the comet’s appearance and purpose. Footnotes “I do not think that a comet is just a sudden fire, but that it is among the eternal works of nature.” (Sagan & Druyan 1997, p. 26) Seneca is quoted as stating, “Why … are we surprised that comets, such a rare spectacle in the universe, are not yet grasped by fixed laws and that their beginning and end are not known, when their return is at vast intervals? … The time will come when diligent research over very long periods of time will bring to light things which now lie hidden.”
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A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process that is called out-gassing. This produces a visible atmosphere or coma, and sometimes also a tail. These phenomena are due to the effects of solar radiation and the solar wind acting upon the nucleus of the comet. Comet nuclei range from a few hundred meters to tens of kilometers across and are composed of loose collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles. The coma may be up to 15 times Earth’s diameter, while the tail may stretch beyond one astronomical unit. If sufficiently bright, a comet may be seen from Earth without the aid of a telescope and may subtend an arc of 30° (60 Moons) across the sky. Comets have been observed and recorded since ancient times by many cultures and religions.
Comets usually have highly eccentric elliptical orbits, and they have a wide range of orbital periods, ranging from several years to potentially several millions of years. Short-period comets originate in the Kuiper belt or its associated scattered disc, which lie beyond the orbit of Neptune. Long-period comets are thought to originate in the Oort cloud, a spherical cloud of icy bodies extending from outside the Kuiper belt to halfway to the nearest star. Long-period comets are set in motion towards the Sun from the Oort cloud by gravitational perturbations caused by passing stars and the galactic tide. Hyperbolic comets may pass once through the inner Solar System before being flung to interstellar space. The appearance of a comet is called an apparition.
Comets are distinguished from asteroids by the presence of an extended, gravitationally unbound atmosphere surrounding their central nucleus. This atmosphere has parts termed the coma (the central part immediately surrounding the nucleus) and the tail (a typically linear section consisting of dust or gas blown out from the coma by the Sun’s light pressure or out-streaming solar wind plasma). However, extinct comets that have passed close to the Sun many times have lost nearly all of their volatile ices and dust and may come to resemble small asteroids. Asteroids are thought to have a different origin from comets, having formed inside the orbit of Jupiter rather than in the outer Solar System. The discovery of main-belt comets and active centaur minor planets has blurred the distinction between asteroids and comets. In the early 21st century, the discovery of some minor bodies with long-period comet orbits, but characteristics of inner solar system asteroids, were called Manx comets. They are still classified as comets, such as C/2014 S3 (PANSTARRS). Twenty-seven Manx comets were found from 2013 to 2017.
As of November 2021 there are 4584 known comets. However, this represents a very small fraction of the total potential comet population, as the reservoir of comet-like bodies in the outer Solar System (in the Oort cloud) is about one trillion. Roughly one comet per year is visible to the naked eye, though many of those are faint and unspectacular. Particularly bright examples are called “great comets”. Comets have been visited by unmanned probes such as the European Space Agency’s Rosetta, which became the first to land a robotic spacecraft on a comet, and NASA’s Deep Impact, which blasted a crater on Comet Tempel 1 to study its interior.
Etymology
The word comet derives from the Old English cometa from the Latin comēta or comētēs. That, in turn, is a romanization of the Greek κομήτης ‘wearing long hair’, and the Oxford English Dictionary notes that the term (ἀστὴρ) κομήτης already meant ‘long-haired star, comet’ in Greek. Κομήτης was derived from κομᾶν (koman) ‘to wear the hair long’, which was itself derived from κόμη (komē) ‘the hair of the head’ and was used to mean ‘the tail of a comet’.
The astronomical symbol for comets (represented in Unicode) is U+2604 ☄ COMET, consisting of a small disc with three hairlike extensions.
Physical characteristics
The solid, core structure of a comet is known as the nucleus. Cometary nuclei are composed of an amalgamation of rock, dust, water ice, and frozen carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and ammonia. As such, they are popularly described as “dirty snowballs” after Fred Whipple’s model. Comets with a higher dust content have been called “icy dirtballs”. The term “icy dirtballs” arose after observation of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 collision with an “impactor” probe sent by NASA Deep Impact mission in July 2005. Research conducted in 2014 suggests that comets are like “deep fried ice cream”, in that their surfaces are formed of dense crystalline ice mixed with organic compounds, while the interior ice is colder and less dense.
The surface of the nucleus is generally dry, dusty or rocky, suggesting that the ices are hidden beneath a surface crust several metres thick. In addition to the gases already mentioned, the nuclei contain a variety of organic compounds, which may include methanol, hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, ethanol, ethane, and perhaps more complex molecules such as long-chain hydrocarbons and amino acids. In 2009, it was confirmed that the amino acid glycine had been found in the comet dust recovered by NASA’s Stardust mission. In August 2011, a report, based on NASA studies of meteorites found on Earth, was published suggesting DNA and RNA components (adenine, guanine, and related organic molecules) may have been formed on asteroids and comets.
The outer surfaces of cometary nuclei have a very low albedo, making them among the least reflective objects found in the Solar System. The Giotto space probe found that the nucleus of Halley’s Comet (1P/Halley) reflects about four percent of the light that falls on it, and Deep Space 1 discovered that Comet Borrelly’s surface reflects less than 3.0%; by comparison, asphalt reflects seven percent. The dark surface material of the nucleus may consist of complex organic compounds. Solar heating drives off lighter volatile compounds, leaving behind larger organic compounds that tend to be very dark, like tar or crude oil. The low reflectivity of cometary surfaces causes them to absorb the heat that drives their out-gassing processes.
Comet nuclei with radii of up to 30 kilometers (19 mi) have been observed, but ascertaining their exact size is difficult. The nucleus of 322P/SOHO is probably only 100–200 meters (330–660 ft) in diameter. A lack of smaller comets being detected despite the increased sensitivity of instruments has led some to suggest that there is a real lack of comets smaller than 100 meters (330 ft) across. Known comets have been estimated to have an average density of 0.6 g/cm3 (0.35 oz/cu in). Because of their low mass, comet nuclei do not become spherical under their own gravity and therefore have irregular shapes.
Roughly six percent of the near-Earth asteroids are thought to be the extinct nuclei of comets that no longer experience out-gassing, including 14827 Hypnos and 3552 Don Quixote.
Results from the Rosetta and Philae spacecraft show that the nucleus of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko has no magnetic field, which suggests that magnetism may not have played a role in the early formation of planetesimals. Further, the ALICE spectrograph on Rosetta determined that electrons (within 1 km (0.62 mi) above the comet nucleus) produced from photoionization of water molecules by solar radiation, and not photons from the Sun as thought earlier, are responsible for the degradation of water and carbon dioxide molecules released from the comet nucleus into its coma. Instruments on the Philae lander found at least sixteen organic compounds at the comet’s surface, four of which (acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate and propionaldehyde) have been detected for the first time on a comet.
The streams of dust and gas thus released form a huge and extremely thin atmosphere around the comet called the “coma”. The force exerted on the coma by the Sun’s radiation pressure and solar wind cause an enormous “tail” to form pointing away from the Sun.
The coma is generally made of water and dust, with water making up to 90% of the volatiles that outflow from the nucleus when the comet is within 3 to 4 astronomical units (450,000,000 to 600,000,000 km; 280,000,000 to 370,000,000 mi) of the Sun. The H2O parent molecule is destroyed primarily through photo-dissociation and to a much smaller extent photoionization, with the solar wind playing a minor role in the destruction of water compared to photo-chemistry. Larger dust particles are left along the comet’s orbital path whereas smaller particles are pushed away from the Sun into the comet’s tail by light pressure.
Although the solid nucleus of comets is generally less than 60 kilometers (37 mi) across, the coma may be thousands or millions of kilometers across, sometimes becoming larger than the Sun. For example, about a month after an outburst in October 2007, comet 17P/Holmes briefly had a tenuous dust atmosphere larger than the Sun. The Great Comet of 1811 also had a coma roughly the diameter of the Sun. Even though the coma can become quite large, its size can decrease about the time it crosses the orbit of Mars around 1.5 astronomical units (220,000,000 km; 140,000,000 mi) from the Sun. At this distance the solar wind becomes strong enough to blow the gas and dust away from the coma, and in doing so enlarging the tail. Ion tails have been observed to extend one astronomical unit (150 million km) or more.
Both the coma and tail are illuminated by the Sun and may become visible when a comet passes through the inner Solar System, the dust reflects sunlight directly while the gases glow from ionization. Most comets are too faint to be visible without the aid of a telescope, but a few each decade become bright enough to be visible to the naked eye. Occasionally a comet may experience a huge and sudden outburst of gas and dust, during which the size of the coma greatly increases for a period of time. This happened in 2007 to Comet Holmes.
In 1996, comets were found to emit X-rays. This greatly surprised astronomers because X-ray emission is usually associated with very high-temperature bodies. The X-rays are generated by the interaction between comets and the solar wind: when highly charged solar wind ions fly through a cometary atmosphere, they collide with cometary atoms and molecules, “stealing” one or more electrons from the atom in a process called “charge exchange”. This exchange or transfer of an electron to the solar wind ion is followed by its de-excitation into the ground state of the ion by the emission of X-rays and far ultraviolet photons.
Bow shock
Bow shocks form as a result of the interaction between the solar wind and the cometary ionosphere, which is created by the ionization of gases in the coma. As the comet approaches the Sun, increasing out-gassing rates cause the coma to expand, and the sunlight ionizes gases in the coma. When the solar wind passes through this ion coma, the bow shock appears.
The first observations were made in the 1980s and 1990s as several spacecraft flew by comets 21P/Giacobini–Zinner, 1P/Halley, and 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup. It was then found that the bow shocks at comets are wider and more gradual than the sharp planetary bow shocks seen at, for example, Earth. These observations were all made near perihelion when the bow shocks already were fully developed.
The Rosetta spacecraft observed the bow shock at comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko at an early stage of bow shock development when the out-gassing increased during the comet’s journey toward the Sun. This young bow shock was called the “infant bow shock”. The infant bow shock is asymmetric and, relative to the distance to the nucleus, wider than fully developed bow shocks.
Tails
In the outer Solar System, comets remain frozen and inactive and are extremely difficult or impossible to detect from Earth due to their small size. Statistical detections of inactive comet nuclei in the Kuiper belt have been reported from observations by the Hubble Space Telescope but these detections have been questioned. As a comet approaches the inner Solar System, solar radiation causes the volatile materials within the comet to vaporize and stream out of the nucleus, carrying dust away with them.
The streams of dust and gas each form their own distinct tail, pointing in slightly different directions. The tail of dust is left behind in the comet’s orbit in such a manner that it often forms a curved tail called the type II or dust tail. At the same time, the ion or type I tail, made of gases, always points directly away from the Sun because this gas is more strongly affected by the solar wind than is dust, following magnetic field lines rather than an orbital trajectory. On occasions—such as when Earth passes through a comet’s orbital plane, the anti-tail, pointing in the opposite direction to the ion and dust tails, may be seen.
The observation of anti-tails contributed significantly to the discovery of solar wind. The ion tail is formed as a result of the ionization by solar ultra-violet radiation of particles in the coma. Once the particles have been ionized, they attain a net positive electrical charge, which in turn gives rise to an “induced magnetosphere” around the comet. The comet and its induced magnetic field form an obstacle to outward flowing solar wind particles. Because the relative orbital speed of the comet and the solar wind is supersonic, a bow shock is formed upstream of the comet in the flow direction of the solar wind. In this bow shock, large concentrations of cometary ions (called “pick-up ions”) congregate and act to “load” the solar magnetic field with plasma, such that the field lines “drape” around the comet forming the ion tail.
If the ion tail loading is sufficient, the magnetic field lines are squeezed together to the point where, at some distance along the ion tail, magnetic reconnection occurs. This leads to a “tail disconnection event”. This has been observed on a number of occasions, one notable event being recorded on 20 April 2007, when the ion tail of Encke’s Comet was completely severed while the comet passed through a coronal mass ejection. This event was observed by the STEREO space probe.
In 2013, ESA scientists reported that the ionosphere of the planet Venus streams outwards in a manner similar to the ion tail seen streaming from a comet under similar conditions.
Jets
Uneven heating can cause newly generated gases to break out of a weak spot on the surface of comet’s nucleus, like a geyser. These streams of gas and dust can cause the nucleus to spin, and even split apart. In 2010 it was revealed dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide) can power jets of material flowing out of a comet nucleus. Infrared imaging of Hartley 2 shows such jets exiting and carrying with it dust grains into the coma.
Orbital characteristics
Most comets are small Solar System bodies with elongated elliptical orbits that take them close to the Sun for a part of their orbit and then out into the further reaches of the Solar System for the remainder. Comets are often classified according to the length of their orbital periods: The longer the period the more elongated the ellipse.
Short period
Periodic comets or short-period comets are generally defined as those having orbital periods of less than 200 years. They usually orbit more-or-less in the ecliptic plane in the same direction as the planets. Their orbits typically take them out to the region of the outer planets (Jupiter and beyond) at aphelion; for example, the aphelion of Halley’s Comet is a little beyond the orbit of Neptune. Comets whose aphelia are near a major planet’s orbit are called its “family”. Such families are thought to arise from the planet capturing formerly long-period comets into shorter orbits.
At the shorter orbital period extreme, Encke’s Comet has an orbit that does not reach the orbit of Jupiter, and is known as an Encke-type comet. Short-period comets with orbital periods less than 20 years and low inclinations (up to 30 degrees) to the ecliptic are called traditional Jupiter-family comets (JFCs). Those like Halley, with orbital periods of between 20 and 200 years and inclinations extending from zero to more than 90 degrees, are called Halley-type comets (HTCs). As of 2022, 94 HTCs have been observed, compared with 744 identified JFCs.
Recently discovered main-belt comets form a distinct class, orbiting in more circular orbits within the asteroid belt.
Because their elliptical orbits frequently take them close to the giant planets, comets are subject to further gravitational perturbations. Short-period comets have a tendency for their aphelia to coincide with a giant planet’s semi-major axis, with the JFCs being the largest group. It is clear that comets coming in from the Oort cloud often have their orbits strongly influenced by the gravity of giant planets as a result of a close encounter. Jupiter is the source of the greatest perturbations, being more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined. These perturbations can deflect long-period comets into shorter orbital periods.
Based on their orbital characteristics, short-period comets are thought to originate from the centaurs and the Kuiper belt/scattered disc—a disk of objects in the trans-Neptunian region—whereas the source of long-period comets is thought to be the far more distant spherical Oort cloud (after the Dutch astronomer Jan Hendrik Oort who hypothesized its existence). Vast swarms of comet-like bodies are thought to orbit the Sun in these distant regions in roughly circular orbits. Occasionally the gravitational influence of the outer planets (in the case of Kuiper belt objects) or nearby stars (in the case of Oort cloud objects) may throw one of these bodies into an elliptical orbit that takes it inwards toward the Sun to form a visible comet. Unlike the return of periodic comets, whose orbits have been established by previous observations, the appearance of new comets by this mechanism is unpredictable. When flung into the orbit of the sun, and being continuously dragged towards it, tons of matter are stripped from the comets which greatly influence their lifetime; the more stripped, the shorter they live and vice versa.
Long period
Long-period comets have highly eccentric orbits and periods ranging from 200 years to thousands or even millions of years. An eccentricity greater than 1 when near perihelion does not necessarily mean that a comet will leave the Solar System. For example, Comet McNaught had a heliocentric osculating eccentricity of 1.000019 near its perihelion passage epoch in January 2007 but is bound to the Sun with roughly a 92,600-year orbit because the eccentricity drops below 1 as it moves farther from the Sun. The future orbit of a long-period comet is properly obtained when the osculating orbit is computed at an epoch after leaving the planetary region and is calculated with respect to the center of mass of the Solar System. By definition long-period comets remain gravitationally bound to the Sun; those comets that are ejected from the Solar System due to close passes by major planets are no longer properly considered as having “periods”. The orbits of long-period comets take them far beyond the outer planets at aphelia, and the plane of their orbits need not lie near the ecliptic. Long-period comets such as C/1999 F1 and C/2017 T2 (PANSTARRS) can have aphelion distances of nearly 70,000 AU (0.34 pc; 1.1 ly) with orbital periods estimated around 6 million years.
Single-apparition or non-periodic comets are similar to long-period comets because they also have parabolic or slightly hyperbolic trajectories when near perihelion in the inner Solar System. However, gravitational perturbations from giant planets cause their orbits to change. Single-apparition comets have a hyperbolic or parabolic osculating orbit which allows them to permanently exit the Solar System after a single pass of the Sun. The Sun’s Hill sphere has an unstable maximum boundary of 230,000 AU (1.1 pc; 3.6 ly). Only a few hundred comets have been seen to reach a hyperbolic orbit (e > 1) when near perihelion that using a heliocentric unperturbed two-body best-fit suggests they may escape the Solar System.
As of 2022, only two objects have been discovered with an eccentricity significantly greater than one: 1I/ʻOumuamua and 2I/Borisov, indicating an origin outside the Solar System. While Oumuamua, with an eccentricity of about 1.2, showed no optical signs of cometary activity during its passage through the inner Solar System in October 2017, changes to its trajectory—which suggests out-gassing—indicate that it is probably a comet. On the other hand, 2I/Borisov, with an estimated eccentricity of about 3.36, has been observed to have the coma feature of comets, and is considered the first detected interstellar comet. Comet C/1980 E1 had an orbital period of roughly 7.1 million years before the 1982 perihelion passage, but a 1980 encounter with Jupiter accelerated the comet giving it the largest eccentricity (1.057) of any known solar comet with a reasonable observation arc.[105] Comets not expected to return to the inner Solar System include C/1980 E1, C/2000 U5, C/2001 Q4 (NEAT), C/2009 R1, C/1956 R1, and C/2007 F1 (LONEOS).
Some authorities use the term “periodic comet” to refer to any comet with a periodic orbit (that is, all short-period comets plus all long-period comets), whereas others use it to mean exclusively short-period comets. Similarly, although the literal meaning of “non-periodic comet” is the same as “single-apparition comet”, some use it to mean all comets that are not “periodic” in the second sense (that is, to also include all comets with a period greater than 200 years).
Early observations have revealed a few genuinely hyperbolic (i.e. non-periodic) trajectories, but no more than could be accounted for by perturbations from Jupiter. Comets from interstellar space are moving with velocities of the same order as the relative velocities of stars near the Sun (a few tens of km per second). When such objects enter the Solar System, they have a positive specific orbital energy resulting in a positive velocity at infinity ( v ∞ {\displaystyle v_{\infty }\!}) and have notably hyperbolic trajectories. A rough calculation shows that there might be four hyperbolic comets per century within Jupiter’s orbit, give or take one and perhaps two orders of magnitude.
Oort cloud and Hills cloud
The Oort cloud is thought to occupy a vast space starting from between 2,000 and 5,000 AU (0.03 and 0.08 ly) to as far as 50,000 AU (0.79 ly) from the Sun. This cloud encases the celestial bodies that start at the middle of our solar system—the sun, all the way to outer limits of the Kuiper Belt. The Oort cloud consists of viable materials necessary for the creation of celestial bodies. The planets we have today, exist only because of the planetesimals (chunks of leftover space that assisted in the creation of planets) that were condensed and formed by the gravity of the sun. The eccentric made from these trapped planetesimals is why the Oort Cloud even exists. Some estimates place the outer edge at between 100,000 and 200,000 AU (1.58 and 3.16 ly). The region can be subdivided into a spherical outer Oort cloud of 20,000–50,000 AU (0.32–0.79 ly), and a doughnut-shaped inner cloud, the Hills cloud, of 2,000–20,000 AU (0.03–0.32 ly). The outer cloud is only weakly bound to the Sun and supplies the long-period (and possibly Halley-type) comets that fall to inside the orbit of Neptune. The inner Oort cloud is also known as the Hills cloud, named after J. G. Hills, who proposed its existence in 1981. Models predict that the inner cloud should have tens or hundreds of times as many cometary nuclei as the outer halo; it is seen as a possible source of new comets that resupply the relatively tenuous outer cloud as the latter’s numbers are gradually depleted. The Hills cloud explains the continued existence of the Oort cloud after billions of years.
Exocomets
Exocomets beyond the Solar System have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way. The first exocomet system detected was around Beta Pictoris, a very young A-type main-sequence star, in 1987. A total of 11 such exocomet systems have been identified as of 2013, using the absorption spectrum caused by the large clouds of gas emitted by comets when passing close to their star. For ten years the Kepler space telescope was responsible for searching for planets and other forms outside of the solar system. The first transiting exocomets were found in February 2018 by a group consisting of professional astronomers and citizen scientists in light curves recorded by the Kepler Space Telescope. After Kepler Space Telescope retired in October 2018, a new telescope called TESS Telescope has taken over Kepler’s mission. Since the launch of TESS, astronomers have discovered the transits of comets around the star Beta Pictoris using a light curve from TESS. Since TESS has taken over, astronomers have since been able to better distinguish exocomets with the spectroscopic method. New planets are detected by the white light curve method which is viewed as a symmetrical dip in the charts readings when a planet overshadows its parent star. However, after further evaluation of these light curves, it has been discovered that the asymmetrical patterns of the dips presented are caused by the tail of a comet or of hundreds of comets.
Effects of comets
As a comet is heated during close passes to the Sun, out-gassing of its icy components also releases solid debris too large to be swept away by radiation pressure and the solar wind. If Earth’s orbit sends it through that trail of debris, which is composed mostly of fine grains of rocky material, there is likely to be a meteor shower as Earth passes through. Denser trails of debris produce quick but intense meteor showers and less dense trails create longer but less intense showers. Typically, the density of the debris trail is related to how long ago the parent comet released the material. The Perseid meteor shower, for example, occurs every year between 9 and 13 August, when Earth passes through the orbit of Comet Swift–Tuttle. Halley’s Comet is the source of the Orionid shower in October.
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Dolley Todd Madison (née Payne; May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the wife of James Madison, the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. She was noted for holding Washington social functions in which she invited members of both political parties, essentially spearheading the concept of bipartisan cooperation. Previously, founders such as Thomas Jefferson would only meet with members of one party at a time, and politics could often be a violent affair resulting in physical altercations and even duels. Madison helped to create the idea that members of each party could amicably socialize, network, and negotiate with each other without violence. By innovating political institutions as the wife of James Madison, Dolley Madison did much to define the role of the President’s spouse, known only much later by the title first lady—a function she had sometimes performed earlier for the widowed Thomas Jefferson.
Madison also helped to furnish the newly constructed White House. When the British set fire to it in 1814, she was credited with saving Gilbert Stuart’s classic 1796 portrait of George Washington; she directed her personal slave Paul Jennings to save it. In widowhood, she often lived in poverty aggravated by her son John Payne Todd’s alcoholism and mismanagement of their Montpelier plantation. To relieve her debts, she sold off the plantation, its remaining slaves, and her late husband’s papers.
Surveys of historians conducted periodically by the Siena College Research Institute since 1982 have consistently found Madison to rank among the six most highly regarded first ladies by the assessments of historians.
Early life and first marriage
Madison was born as Dolley Payne on May 20, 1768, in a log cabin in New Garden, Guilford County (present-day Greensboro), North Carolina, to Mary Coles and John Payne Jr. Her parents had married in 1761, uniting two prominent Virginian families. Little is known about the family’s life before 1793, when Madison was 25, because few documents have survived; Madison’s earliest known letter dates to 1783. Mary Coles was from a Quaker family and two years after their marriage the couple applied for membership in the Ceder Creek meeting. The application was considered for a very lengthy time before they were admitted in 1765. He would become a fervent member of the faith. The family had moved to New Garden, a Quaker community, in 1765. Madison was the family’s third child and first daughter. The family had an enslaved nursemaid.
In early 1769, the Paynes returned to Virginia for reasons that are unclear. Historians Catherine Allgor and Richard N. Côté have speculated in their biographical works on her that the family may have wanted to return to their extended family, become uncomfortable with the religion, faced local opposition, or failed at farming or business. Madison would later downplay her North Carolina birth, claiming herself to be a Virginian born when visiting an uncle in North Carolina. The family returned to Cedar Creek, where within four years they had moved at least twice. They eventually settled on a 176 acres (71 ha) farm several miles outside of Scotchtown. Madison grew up on the farm, working the land with the rest of her family. She was given a strict Quaker upbringing and education, which Côté describes her as “chafing” under.
Madison grew close to her extended family in the area. She had three younger sisters (Lucy, Anna, and Mary) and four brothers (Walter, William Temple, Isaac, and John), two of whom were younger. Her father did not participate in the American Revolutionary War, as his faith practiced pacifism, and Allgor writes that Madison was seemingly little affected by it. By 1783 John Payne had emancipated his slaves, as did numerous slaveholders in the Upper South. Payne, as a Quaker, had long encouraged manumission, but the act was not legal in Virginia until 1782.
When Madison was 15, Payne moved his family to Philadelphia, at the time the second largest American city. They lived at 57 North Third Street, and transferred to the local Northern District Meeting. While living there, Madison often visited Haddonfield, New Jersey, where many Quakers lived. She also met Eliza Collins and Dorothea Abrahams in Philadelphia, with whom she became lifelong friends. During her early years, Payne likely received formal education, though it is not known what this was. Allgor concludes that it was likely better than most Americans at the time, while Côté notes that it was probably “no more than a basic” one. Madison grew into a young woman who Côté writes was described “as one of the fairest of the fair”.
Upon the family’s move to Philadelphia, John had attempted to build a career as a starch manufacturer, but the business failed in 1789. This was seen as a “weakness” at his Quaker meetings, for which he was expelled. He was devastated by this failure and died on October 24, 1792. Mary Payne initially made ends meet by opening her home as a boardinghouse beginning in 1791. Before his death, John had arranged Madison’s marriage to John Todd, a Philadelphia lawyer. According to Allgor, Madison had rejected marriage with Todd previously and John’s marriage arrangement was “manipulation”. Conversely, Côté considers their marriage to have been “for love, not just duty”. They were married on January 7, 1790, at a Quaker meeting house. Madison’s friend Eliza Collins was her bridesmaid. The couple moved several blocks away into a high-quality neighborhood.
Marriage and family
Madison and Todd had two sons, John Payne (called Payne, born February 29, 1792) and William Temple (born July 4, 1793). According to Allgor, their marriage grew into a “a loving happy partnership.” Madison’s sister Anna Payne moved in with them.
In August 1793, a yellow fever epidemic broke out in Philadelphia, killing 5,019 people in four months. Madison was hit particularly hard, losing her husband, son William, mother-in-law, and father-in-law. Two of her older brothers died just two years later, and Côté writes that she was “never fully recovered” from the emotional toll of these deaths.
While undergoing the loss of much of her family, she also had to take care of her surviving son without financial support. While her husband had left her money in his will, the executor, her brother-in-law, withheld the funds and she sued him for what she was owed. Aaron Burr, who had once stayed at the boarding house of Madison’s mother, assisted her in these efforts, offering legal advice. In a will, written around that time, Burr was named the guardian of Madison’s only surviving child.
Second marriage
Madison, at the time named Dolley Todd, soon met James Madison. Their relationship was facilitated by Burr, a longtime friend of Madison. In May 1794, Burr made the formal introduction between the young widow and Madison, who at 43 was a longstanding bachelor 17 years her senior. A brisk courtship followed and, by August, Dolley Madison accepted his marriage proposal. As he was not a Quaker, she was expelled from the Society of Friends for marrying outside her faith, after which Dolley Madison began attending Episcopal services. Despite her Quaker upbringing, there is no evidence that she disapproved of James as a slaveholder. They were married on September 15, 1794, and lived in Philadelphia for the next three years.
In 1797, after eight years in the House of Representatives, James Madison retired from politics. He returned with his family to Montpelier, the Madison family plantation in Orange County, Virginia. There they expanded the house and settled in. When Thomas Jefferson was elected as the third president of the United States in 1800, he asked James Madison to serve as his secretary of state. James Madison accepted and moved with Dolley Madison, her son Payne, her sister Anna, and their domestic slaves to Washington on F Street. They took a large house, as Dolley Madison believed that entertaining would be important in the new capital.
In Washington 1801–1817
Madison worked with the architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe to furnish the White House, the first official residence built for the president of the United States. She sometimes served as widower Jefferson’s hostess for official ceremonial functions. Madison would become a crucial part of the Washington social circle, befriending the wives of numerous diplomats like Sarah Martinez de Yrujo, wife of the ambassador of Spain, and Marie-Angelique Turreau, the wife of the French ambassador. Her charm precipitated a diplomatic crisis, called the Merry Affair, after Jefferson escorted Madison to the dining room instead of the wife of Anthony Merry, English diplomat to the U.S., in a major faux pas.
In the approach to the 1808 presidential election, with Thomas Jefferson ready to retire, the Democratic-Republican caucus nominated James Madison to succeed him. He was elected the fourth President of the United States, serving two terms from 1809 to 1817, and Madison became the official White House hostess. Madison had often been the unofficial hostess at the White House during Jefferson’s presidency. While the term “first lady” was not yet in use. Madison’s role as hostess became official when her own husband assumed the presidency. Madison helped to define the official functions, decorated the Executive Mansion, and welcomed visitors in her drawing room. She was renowned for her social graces and hospitality, and contributed to her husband’s popularity as president. She was the only First Lady given an honorary seat on the floor of Congress, and the first American to respond to a telegraph message. In 1812, James was re-elected. Later that year, he delivered a war request to Congress, signaling the beginning of the War of 1812.
Burning of Washington, 1814
After the United States declared war in 1812 and attempted to invade Canada in 1813, a British force attacked Washington in 1814. As it approached and the White House staff hurriedly prepared to flee, Madison ordered her personal slave Paul Jennings to save the Stuart painting, a copy of the Lansdowne portrait, as she wrote in a letter to her sister at 3 o’clock in the afternoon of August 23:
Our kind friend Mr. Carroll has come to hasten my departure, and in a very bad humor with me, because I insist on waiting until the large picture of General Washington is secured, and it requires to be unscrewed from the wall. The process was found too tedious for these perilous moments; I have ordered the frame to be broken and the canvas taken out … It is done, and the precious portrait placed in the hands of two gentlemen from New York for safe keeping. On handing the canvas to the gentlemen in question, Messrs. Barker and Depeyster, Mr. Sioussat cautioned them against rolling it up, saying that it would destroy the portrait. He was moved to this because Mr. Barker started to roll it up for greater convenience for carrying.
Popular accounts during and after the war years tended to portray Madison as the one who removed the painting, and she became a national heroine. An 1865 memoir by Jennings stated that she had ordered him to save the painting, and that Jean Pierre Sioussat and a gardener, McGraw, were the ones to remove it from the wall. Early twentieth-century historians noted that Sioussat had directed the servants, many of whom were slaves, in the crisis, and that house slaves were the ones who actually preserved the painting.
Dolley Madison hurried away in her waiting carriage, along with other families fleeing the city. They went to Georgetown and the next day they crossed over the Potomac into Virginia. When the couple returned to Washington, the White House was uninhabitable and Dolley and James Madison moved into The Octagon House.
In Montpelier 1817–1837
On April 6, 1817, a month after his retirement from the presidency, Dolley and James Madison returned to the Montpelier plantation in Orange County, Virginia.
In 1830, Madison’s son Payne Todd, who had never found a career, went to debtors’ prison in Philadelphia and the Madisons sold land in Kentucky and mortgaged half of the Montpelier plantation to pay his debts.
James died at Montpelier on June 28, 1836. He was 85 years old. Madison remained at Montpelier for a year. Her niece Anna Payne moved in with her, and Todd came for a lengthy stay. During this time, Madison organized and copied her husband’s papers. Congress authorized $55,000 as payment for editing and publishing seven volumes of the Madison papers, including his unique notes on the 1787 convention.
In the fall of 1837, Madison returned to Washington, charging Todd with the care of the plantation. She and her sister Anna moved into a house, bought by Anna and her husband Richard Cutts, on Lafayette Square. Madison took Paul Jennings with her as a butler, and he was forced to leave his wife and children in Virginia.
In Washington 1837–1849
While Dolley Madison was living in Washington, Payne Todd was unable to manage the plantation, due to alcoholism and related illness. She tried to raise money by selling the rest of the president’s papers, but was unable to find a buyer. Jennings attempted to negotiate purchasing his freedom; she had previously written a will in 1841 which would free Jennings after her death, though not her other slaves. She instead sold him to an insurance agent for $200 in 1846. Six months later, Senator Daniel Webster intervened to buy him from the new owner and gave Jennings his freedom, for which he repaid the senator in work. Madison sold Montpelier, its remaining slaves, and the furnishings to pay off outstanding debts. Jennings later recalled in his memoir,
In the last days of her life, before Congress purchased her husband’s papers, she was in a state of absolute poverty, and I think sometimes suffered for the necessaries of life. While I was a servant to Mr. Webster, he often sent me to her with a market-basket full of provisions, and told me whenever I saw anything in the house that I thought she was in need of, to take it to her. I often did this, and occasionally gave her small sums from my own pocket, though I had years before bought my freedom of her.
In 1848, Congress agreed to buy the rest of James Madison’s papers for the sum of $22,000 or $25,000.
In 1845, Dolley Madison was baptized into St. John’s Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C.
On February 28, 1844, Madison was with President John Tyler while aboard the USS Princeton when a “Peacemaker” cannon exploded in the process of being fired. While Secretaries of State and Navy Abel P. Upshur and Thomas Walker Gilmer, Tyler’s future father-in-law David Gardiner and three others were killed, Tyler and Madison escaped unharmed.
She was photographed on at least two occasions, making her the earliest First Lady to have a surviving photograph, with four daguerreotypes known to survive as of 2021. Three photographs were taken on July 4, 1848, including one featuring her niece, Anna Payne; the final one was taken in 1849, featuring President James Polk, his wife Sarah Polk, future President James Buchanan and future First Lady Harriet Lane.
Dolley Madison died at her home in Washington in 1849, at the age of 81. She was first buried in the Congressional Cemetery, Washington, D.C., but later was re-interred at Montpelier next to her husband. She was buried in an air-tight Fisk metallic burial case with a glass window plate for viewing the face of the deceased.
Honors
Madison (second to right) on the portico of the White House alongside Secretary of State James Buchanan, future First Lady Harriet Lane, president James Polk and his wife, Sarah.
During World War II the Liberty ship SS Dolly Madison was built in Panama City, Florida, and named in her honor.
Madison was a member of the inaugural class of Virginia Women in History in 2000.
Spelling of her name
In the past, biographers and others stated that her given name was Dorothea, after her aunt, or Dorothy, and that Dolley was a nickname. But her birth was registered with the New Garden Friends Meeting as Dolley, and her will of 1841 states “I, Dolly P. Madison”. Based on manuscript evidence and the scholarship of recent biographers, Dollie, spelled “i.e.”, appears to have been her given name at birth. On the other hand, the print press, especially newspapers, tended to spell it “Dolly”: for example, the Hallowell (Maine) Gazette, February 8, 1815, p. 4, refers to how the Congress had allowed “Madame Dolly Madison” an allowance of $14,000 to purchase new furniture; and the New Bedford (MA) of March 3, 1837, p. 2 referred to a number of important papers from her late husband, and said that “Mrs. Dolly Madison” would be paid by the Senate for these historical manuscripts. Several magazines of that time also used the “Dolly” spelling, such as The Knickerbocker, February 1837, p. 165; as did many popular magazines of the 1860s–1890s. She was referred to as “Mistress Dolly” in an essay from Munsey’s Magazine in 1896. Her grandniece Lucia Beverly Cutts, in her Memoirs and letters of Dolly Madison: wife of James Madison, president of the United States (1896) uses “Dolly” consistently throughout.
Representation in other media
Cecil B. DeMille, The Buccaneer, 1938 film, played by Spring Byington
Irving Stone, Magnificent Doll (1946), film directed by Frank Borzage, Universal Pictures
Brown, Rita Mae, Dolley: A Novel of Dolley Madison in Love and War, New York: Bantam Books, 1994; reprint (Presidential Wives Series), Huntington, NY: Nova History Publications, 2001
1999 Dolley Madison commemorative silver dollar
Legacy
Virginia State Route 123 is named Dolley Madison Boulevard from McLean, Virginia to George Washington Memorial Parkway.
Regard by historians
Since 1982 Siena College Research Institute has periodically conducted surveys asking historians to assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score on the independent criteria of their background, value to the country, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, leadership, being their own women, public image, and value to the president. Consistently, Madison has ranked among the six-most highly regarded first ladies in these surveys. In terms of cumulative assessment, Madison has been ranked:
4th-best of 42 in 1982
4th-best of 37 in 1993
3rd-best of 38 in 2003
6th-best of 38 in 2008
4th-best of 39 in 2014
In the 2008 Siena Research Institute survey, Madison was ranked in the top-four of all criteria, ranking the 4th-highest in value to the country and 5th-highest in public image. In the 2014 survey, Madison and her husband were ranked the 5th-highest out of 4th first couples in terms of being a “power couple”.
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Acts 8:34-38—And the eunuch answered Philip, and said, I pray thee, of whom speaketh the prophet this? Of himself, or of some other man? Then Philip opened his mouth, and began at the same scripture, and preached unto him Jesus. And as they went on their way, they came unto a certain water: and the eunuch said, See, here is water; what doth hinder me to be baptized? And Philip said, If thou believest with all thine heart, thou mayest. And he answered and said, I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. And he commanded the chariot to stand still: and they went down both into the water, both Philip and the eunuch; and he baptized him.
1 Peter 3:20-22—Which sometime were disobedient, when once the longsuffering of God waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was a preparing, wherein few, that is, eight souls were saved by water. The like figure whereunto even baptism doth also now save us (not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God,) by the resurrection of Jesus Christ: Who is gone into heaven, and is on the right hand of God; angels and authorities and powers being made subject unto him.
Mark 16:16—He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned.
Acts 2:38—Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost.
Romans 10:9-10—That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved.
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Friday, March 20
Read John 4:25-42/Psalm 47
Jesus said to her, “I who speak to you am He.” ~John 4:26
Jesus Teaches
Today’s reading includes two of Jesus’ lesson plans. One is for the Samaritans, the other for Jesus’ disciples. While God’s promise for both groups was the same, Jesus could not have combined the classes. Even if men and women could have been in the same class, Jesus’ disciples would not have willingly accepted Samaritans into their group.
Yet Jesus is able to easily move from one to the other. He tells the Samaritan woman that she need wait no longer for the Messiah. Next, He motivates the disciples, encouraging them to set their minds on the work ahead. This unique double lesson is also a sign that God’s promise will extend beyond the children of Israel. The Samaritans and the Jews tells them that He is the promise fulfilled.
Jesus’ lesson for us is equally important. He teaches us to treasure the redemption earned by His death and resurrection. We let Him teach and lead us to share the faith we treasure in our words and actions. There are many people who wander in the darkness, looking for the light of Jesus. We trust Jesus to skillfully and lovingly guide us in our lessons each and every day.
I am trusting Thee to guide me; Thou alone shalt lead,
Every day and hour supplying All my need (LSB 729:4).
Amen.
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God will keep you from ALL danger!!!!!!!
Daily Bible Verse
Bear ye one another’s burdens, and so fulfil the law of Christ. ~Galatians 6:2
Daily Inspiration
Looking out for one another is another key component of being a Christian. That is one of the ways you express your love for one another as brothers and sisters in Christ. Treat your neighbor’s burdens as if they were your own – don’t just be an observer. Make the effort to assist everyone around you in any way you can.
Daily Prayer
Dear God, I pray that I be a helping hand to everyone me. May I never distance myself from their problem; instead, may I be willing to help them through whatever they may be facing. In Jesus’ name, I pray. Amen.
Life is good because God is great!!!!!!!!
Christ Our King
By Frances Taylor
Christ Our King: We bow to the will of God and not our own. ~Luke 23:36-37
This phrase is both a statement and a question. Is Christ my king, or your king, and what does it mean to say yes? Today’s gospel is a very similar one. How often we hear the story of the “good thief” and take comfort in it. But what about the other criminal? Both criminals seem to think that Jesus just might the Christ, the Messiah, bu they have very different attitudes about that. The first is thinking only of himself and tells Jesus to save himself and them while the second is aware of his sinfulness and only asks Jesus to remember him when he comes into his kingdom.
Each time I have reflected on this one of the last words of Jesus on the cross it make me think. Is just acknowledging Jesus as Messiah enough, or do we need to put that knowledge into action? I once heard it said that the one who knows Jesus best is Satan. So I would guess that just knowing isn’t enough! If we truly accept Jesus as King, then our actions must follow. We bow to the will of God and not our own. We follow in the footsteps of Jesus; we call upon the Holy Spirit for guidance and we beg for forgiveness when we fail. Perhaps a renewed commitment to having our lives bear witness to our faith is in order. And then we, too, might hear at the hour of our death, “Today, you will be with me in Paradise.”
Prayer
Dearest Lord, today we remember the sacrifice you made so that we might be saved. Help us to live each day with gratitude letting our actions as well as our words testify to the gift of salvation won for us because of your great love. Amen.
All I need is You, Lord!!!!!!!!
Bible Verse
If you want to be fruitful
I am the vine, ye are the branches: He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same bringeth forth much fruit: for without me ye can do nothing. ~John 15:5
Bible Verse
So then it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that sheweth mercy. ~Romans 9:16
Prayer
Dear Lord, thank You for the gift of the Holy Scriptures to encourage my faith. In Jesus’ Name. Amen.
Bible Verse
The soul of the sluggard desireth, and hath nothing: but the soul of the diligent shall be made fat. ~Proverbs 13: 4
Bible Verse
But rejoice, inasmuch as ye are partakers of Christ’s sufferings; that, when his glory shall be revealed, you may be glad also with exceeding joy. ~1 Peter 4:13
Prayer
Lord, thank You for holding me together today. I needed You, and You were there for me. In Jesus’ Name. Amen.
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Harbottle GrimstonMalachias SiebenhacirCharles II, King of EnglandDavid Teniers IIICharles Howard, 1st Earl of CarlisleEmperor Go-Sai of JapanAdriaen van OstadeHenri Otto, Spanish Marqui of Caretto/Savona/GranaCharles II, Elector of PalatinePieter de la CourtArchibald CampbellJames Scott, Duke of MonmouthPietro ReggioHenry Bennett, 1st Earl of ArlingtonSassoferrato (Giovanni B Salvi)Leoline JenkinsFidel MolitorChristoph Ignaz AbeleGeeraerdt BurnsGerard BrandtMichel le TellierJohn Pell
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Danielle Nicolet, 49
Stephen Merchant, 48
Colin Hanks, 45
Katherine Heigl, 44
Sarah Hyland, 32
Johnny Carver, 82
Pete Best, 81
Billy Connolly, 80
Lee Michaels, 77
Dwight Schultz, 75
Stanley Livingston, 72
Clem Burke, 68
Terry Lewis, 66
Denise Crosby, 65
Shae D’Lyn, 60
John Squire, 60
Gary Stonadge, 60
Garret Dillahunt, 58
Conleth Hall, 58
Brad Sherwood, 58
Scott Krinsky, 54
Chad Taylor, 52
Lola Glaudini, 51
Oscar Robertson, 84
Zachary Taylor, 12th U.S. President (November 24, 1784-July 9, 1850)
Frances Burnett (November 24, 1849-October 29, 1924)
Bat Masterson (November 26, 1853-October 25, 1921)
Scott Joplin (November 24, 1868-April 1, 1917)
Charles “Lucky” Luciano (November 24, 1897-January 26, 1962)
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Nicolas-Francois Blondel
Jean Mairet
Francois Tak
William Dugdale
Ferdinando Tucca
Godefrio L. Comte d’Estrades
Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesyi
Antonio de Solis y Ribadeneyra
Otto von Guericke
Johannes B Van Necricassel
Johann Quirsfeld
William Coventry
Simon Shakeout
Ercole Ferrata
John Fell
Michael Anguier
John Pearson
Paula Hainlein
Louis Maimbourg
Ailoiwen Paets
John Edgerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater
Nicolas Steno
Eleonora Gonzaga, Empress of the Holy Roman Empire
Louis II Conde, Duke of Bourbon
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Robin Roberts, 62
Michelle Gomez, 56
Vincent Cassell, 56
Oded Fehr, 52
Nicole “Snooki” Polizzi, 35
Miley Cyrus, 30
Alexis Ren, 26
Frances Nero, 81
Joe Eszterhas, 78
Bruce Vilanch, 75
George DelHoyo, 69
Bruce Hornsby, 68
Maxwell, Caulfield, 63
John Henton, 62
Ken Block, 56
Charlie Grover, 56
Salli Richardson-Whitfield, 55
Kurupt, 50
Page Kennedy, 46
Kelly Brook, 43
Lucas Grabeel, 38
Austin Majors, 27
Olivia Keville, 20
Brook Jacoby, 63
Franklin Pierce, 14th U.S. President (November 23, 1804-October 8, 1869)
Billy the Kid (November 23, 1859-July 14, 1881)
Boris Karloff (November 23, 1887-February 2, 1969)
Harpo Marx (November 23, 1888-September 28, 1964)
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Johannes Hevelius
Charles Cotton
Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle
Jean-Baptiste Lully
Constantijn Huygens
Ambrose Dixon
George Viliers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham
Jurriaen van Streeck
Laura Martinozzi
Henry More
Francis Turretin
Geminiano Montanari
Edmund Waller
Renatus Rapinus (Rene Rapin)
Eleanor “Nell” Gwyn
William Petty
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Jamie Lee Curtis, 64
Mads Mikkelson, 57
Mark Ruffalo, 55
Scarlett Johansson, 38
Hailey Bieber, 26
Terry Gilliam, 82
Tom Conti, 81
Jesse Colin Young, 81
Little Steven, 72
Tina Weymouth, 72
Lin Tucci, 71
Lawrence Gowan, 66
Mariel Hemingway, 61
Brian Robbins, 59
Winsor Harmon, 59
Stephen Geoffreys, 58
Nicholas Rowe, 56
Michael Kenneth Williams, 56
Sidse Babett Knudsen, 54
Chris Fryar, 52
Tyler Hilton, 39
Jamie Campbell Bower, 34
Alden Ehrenreich, 33
Candice Glover, 33
Dacre Montgomery, 28
Mackenzie Lintz, 26
Olivia Rose Keegan, 23
Billie Jean King, 79
Boris Becker, 55
Charles de Gaulle, former French President (November 22, 1890-November 9, 1970)
Hoagy Carmichael (November 22, 1899-December 27, 1981)
Rodney Dangerfield (November 22, 1921-October 5, 2004)
Robert Vaughn (November 22, 1932-November 11, 2016)
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Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang, Empress of Manchu
Abraham Duquesne
Rev. James Renwick
Claude Mellan
Frederick William, Great Elector of Brandenburg
Antoine Furetiere
Johannes Andreas Quenstedt
Maximilian Henry of Bayern, Archbisho-Elector of Cologne, Bishop of Hildersheim/Bishop of Liege
Hans Bontemantel
Constantine Phaulkon
Ralph Cudworth
King Narai “the Great” of the Ayutthaya Kingdom
Cornelis van Aerssen, Dutch Governor of Suriname
James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde
Henry Morgan
John Bunyan
Robert Viner, Lord Mayor of London
Philips Koninck
Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albermarle
Claude Perrault
Charles du Fresne, Sieur du Cange
Philippe Quinault
Gaspar Fagel
Jean-Louis Lully
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Seth Ward
Marie Louise D’Orleans, Queen Consort of Spain
Isaacus Vassius (Isaac Vos)
John Dixwell
Aphra Behn
George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys
Christina, Queen of Sweden
Edward Woaster
John Graham, of Claverhouse, 1st Viscount Dundee
Pope Innocent XI (Bendedetto Odescalchi)
William Cleland
Claude-Jean Ailouez
Philipp von Zesen
Marquard Gade
Olfert Dapper
Thomas Sydenham
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Goldie Hawn, 72
Michael Strahan, 51
Jena Malone, 38
Carly Rae Jepsen, 37
Laurence Luckinbill, 88
Marlo Thomas, 85
Juliet Mills, 81
Lonnie Jordan, 74
Livingston Taylor, 72
Lorna Luft, 70
Cherry Jones, 66
Brian Ritchie, 62
Steven Curtis Chapman, 60
Nicollette Sheridan, 59
Bjork, 57
Chauncey Hannibal, 54
Alex James, 54
Rib Hillis, 52
Pretty Lou, 51
Marina de Tavira, 49
Kelsi Osborn, 48
Jimmi Simpson, 47
Lindsey Haun, 38
Sam Palladio, 36
Troy Aikman, 56
Ken Griffey, 53
Voltaire (November 21, 1604-1694-May 30, 1778)
Christopher Tolkien (November 21, 1924-January 16, 2020)
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Joe Walsh, 75
Bo Derek, 66
Ming-Na Wen, 59
Joel Mchale, 51
Diercks Bentley, 47
Jaina Lee Ortiz, 36
Estelle Parsons, 95
Dick Smothers, 84
Norman Greenbaum, 80
Veronica Hamel, 79
Judy Woodruff, 76
Richard Masur, 74
Jimmy Brawn, 65
Sean Young, 63
Jim Brickman, 61
Mike D, 57
Sen Dog, 57
Callie Thorne, 53
Sabrina Lloyd, 52
Marisa Ryan, 48
Joshua Gomez, 47
Jason Thompson, 46
Josh Turner, 45
Nadine Velazquez, 44
Jacob Pitts, 43
Jeremy Jordan, 43
Ashley Fink, 36
Jared Followill, 36
Cody Linley, 33
Michael Clifford, 27
Joe Biden, 46th and current U.S. President, 80
Marguerita of Savoy (November 20, 1851-January 4, 1926)
Edwin Hubble (November 20, 1889-September 28, 1953)
Robert Kennedy (November 20, 1925-June 16, 1968)
Dick Clark (November 30, 1929-April 18, 2012)
Richard Dawson (November 20, 1932-June 2, 2012)
Bob Einstein (November 20, 1942-January 2, 2019)
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https://www.wattpad.com/story/315511652-flight-of-love
Plot
After a hectic day, you are looking forward to a long flight you have planned. It’s the first vacation you’ve taken in two years, so you’re extra excited. But when you get on the plane, you get seated next to a person who wants to tell you his/her life story (which you’re not in…
Synopsis
Laurie Hamilton s looking forward to a long flight to her favorite destination, a vacation she hasn’t taken in 2 years. When she meets a handsome stranger on the flight who engages her to schedule monthly flights for secret rendezvouses aboard the flight , Laurie casually accepts. But when Laurie’s feeling suddenly turn to love, will the handsome stranger accept?
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https://www.wattpad.com/story/194337298-decoy-girlfriend
A middle-aged woman believes she met her soulmate online, but it would all turn out to be a nightmare. (Told mainly through text and email, but may have the occasional phone chat.)
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https://www.wattpad.com/story/251985443-a-pizza-horror-story
What happens when you plan a pizza party for your 18th birthday party, but no one comes…that is no one but 18 ghosts…one for each year of your life to show you your life…….
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https://www.wattpad.com/story/162118411-a-romance-told-through-text
This will be my attempt to tell a story through text messages.
TPKs Stories 
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